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THE LINGUISTICS STUDENT’S HANDBOOK 204
Conference papers require the title of the paper and the name, date and place
of the conference involved. You should refer to a conference presentation only
if you do not have a subsequently published version of the paper to refer to. We
find references such as:
Bauer, Laurie (2000). ‘What you can do with derivational morphology.’
Paper presented at the IXth International Morphology Meeting,
Vienna, 24–8 February.
Work which is not yet published goes through a number of stages on the way
to publication. First, the work goes through a number of drafts and revisions,
some of which may encompass only a part of the final work. At this stage the
work may be said to be ‘in preparation’ (or ‘in prep.’ for short). Then a full draft
form is produced for submission to a publisher. While you will occasionally see
bibliographical references to work which is in draft form or which has been
submitted, it is better to call this still ‘in preparation’. Typically, a publisher
will accept something for publication, subject to certain amendments being
made. At this stage there is a commitment to publish the material, and it can be
termed ‘to appear’, or ‘forthcoming’. Finally, the final version is submitted to
the publishers, who begin the (often lengthy) process of editing and setting the
material, prior to publication. At this stage it can be said to be ‘in press’ (sometimes
abbreviated to ‘i.p.’), or ‘forthcoming’ may be retained. With ‘forthcoming’,
‘to appear’ and ‘in press’ it should be possible to give some bibliographic
references, since the publisher is known, though it will often not be possible to
be specific. Some writers prefer not to use ‘in preparation’ and instead simply
say ‘unpublished paper’ or ‘prepublication draft’. Some authors prefer not to
have their work cited at this provisional stage, and may mark their drafts ‘do
not cite without permission’. You should, of course, adhere to any such
requests.
You should cite websites you use as sources just as you would cite books
or papers. The difficulty with websites is that they may change without
warning. Thus you should always give not only the URL, but also the
date on which you accessed the material. Thus we get references like the following:
Quinion, Michael (1997). People versus persons. When should we use
which? http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/people.htm (created
19 July 1997; accessed 14 November 2002).
Lectures can be referred to in the same way as course papers, making sure
that the date and the relevant course are provided. Thus we might have a reference
such as