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THE LINGUISTICS STUDENT’S HANDBOOK 386
quantifier, 31, 102
question mark, 96
quotation marks, 181
Rask, R., 152
reading, 15
realism, 53, 91; see also psychological
reality
reconstruction, 96–7
register, 10
reification, 3, 192–4
repeated morph constraint, 156
revolution, Chomskyan, 23, 47
right-hand head rule, 156
ring, 140
root, 69
Rosch, E., 28
Ross, J., 153
RP (Received Pronunciation), 8
rule, 23, 33–40, 50, 73, 99
phonological, 99
phrase-structure or rewrite, 52, 70
redundancy, 74
transformational, 52
variable, 99
via-rule, 74
sample, 164–5
random, 164
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 157
Saussure, F. de, 3, 41–6, 63
Scalise, S., 66
schwa or shwa, 141
science, linguistics as a, 16–17, 43
second language learning, 14
semantic ill-formedness, 96
semantics, 12–13, 17, 65, 96
lexical, 12–13
sentence, 13
semiotics, 11
sentence, 4–5, 12, 23, 30, 48, 50
sentential subject constraint, 153
separation hypothesis, 157
Serbian, 9
Serbo-Croat, 9
sign language, 11, 45, 46
sign, linguistic, 45, 46
significance, 168
significant, 45–6
signifié, 45–6
signified see signifié
signifier see signifiant
single mother convention, 70
sister, 69
slang, 10
slash
marking environments, 35
marking phonemes, 36, 100, 181
slashed o, 141
Smith, N., 5
sociolinguistics, 14, 16, 50
specified subject condition, 157
speech and language therapy, 15
speech recognition, 15
speech synthesis, 15
S-structure 52
standard, 9, 10, 22
standard deviation, 166
state, 73–5
stative verb see verb, stative
Stoics, 26
structuralism, 26, 41
structure preserving hypothesis, 157
style, 21; see also formality
stylistics, 18
subdot, 140
subjacency condition, 153, 157–8
subject, 25, 57, 102
subject complement, 58
substitution class, 27
substitution test see commutation test
superdot, 140
surface structure, 52
Swedish, 9
syllable, 12, 66, 70–1
symbol spreading, 133
synchrony, 13, 35, 43–4
syntagm, 44
syntagmatic structure, 44–5
syntax, 12, 17, 20, 47–8, 66, 70
system, 4
tense, 26, 30, 102
text, 13