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213 REFERENCE LISTS
If you are using a name-and-date system of referencing and you find two or
more works by the same author(s) published in the same year, you should distinguish
them by lower case ‘a’, ‘b’, etc. following the year. You will then refer
to these works in text as, for example, ‘Smith (2000a)’ or ‘Jones (1999b)’. You
can still use this system if the works have not been published but are ‘forthcoming’
or ‘in press’ or any other similar annotation: ‘Smith (forthcoming c)’.
If the two works you are citing in this way are clearly ordered, it might be preferable
to order the ‘a’ and ‘b’ to reflect the order in which they were written; the
norm, however, is simply to use the order in which you want to refer to them or
to use alphabetical ordering of the titles to determine the order of presentation.
If all else fails and you really cannot find a date, you can mark it as ‘n.d.’,
short for ‘no date’.
Title
Deciding what the title of a particular piece is should provide no great problem.
Two things might, though: how to punctuate the title, and how much of the
title to report.
The punctuation of titles is largely a matter of where capital letters should
be used in them. Where titles in English are concerned there are two competing
conventions. The first is to capitalise all content words and the longer
prepositions; the second is to capitalise only those words which require a
capital letter for independent reasons. The two references in (3) illustrate these
two conventions (each copied faithfully from the cover of the relevant book).
Despite the accuracy of doing what is done in the original, most publishers will
insist on your following one convention or the other. Where other languages
are concerned, you should follow the principles of capitalisation used for the
relevant language, e.g. capitalising all nouns in German.
How much of the title you should report is a matter of subtitles. Many books
have subtitles, some of them relatively brief, some of them very unwieldy. Some
examples are given in (6).
(6) Phonology: theory and analysis
Phonology: an introduction to basic concepts
Phonology: theory and description
Morphology: a study of the relation between meaning and form
Morphology: an introduction to the theory of word-structure
Morphological Mechanisms: lexicalist analysis of synthetic compounding
Theoretical Morphology: approaches in modern linguistics
Inflectional Morphology: a theory of paradigm structure
There are three things you can do with subtitles like these.