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205 CITATION ETIQUETTE
Bauer, Laurie (2002). ‘Consonantal phenomena’. Lecture to LING
322 ‘New Zealand English’, Victoria University of Wellington, 9
September.
Material derived from private discussions with individuals (whether these
take place in face-to-face interaction, by email or by letter) are generally termed
‘personal communications’. ‘Personal communication’ is often abbreviated to
‘pers. comm.’ or ‘p.c.’. Typically, there will be nothing to put in a reference list,
and ‘(personal communication)’ in the text is sufficient; occasionally you may
want to refer to a letter of a particular date, in which case you can put that information
in the list of references.
How do I refer to work by more than one person?
Assuming that you are using a name, year and page system of referencing, then
you will be familiar with the format of ‘Bauer (1988: 16)’, where Bauer is the
family name of the author. This is the format used for referring to a work which
has a single author.
When a work has two authors, you must mention both of them. Thus we
find ‘Chomsky & Halle (1968)’, ‘Fromkin & Rodman (1974)’ and so on. Some
publishers replace the ampersand (&) by the word ‘and’, others prefer the
ampersand since it is space-saving, and can allow disambiguation in cases like
‘Work by Chomsky & Halle and Fromkin & Rodman suggests …’.
When a work has more than two authors, they should all be listed in the references.
Some publishers insist that they should all be named on the first
mention in any given work, as well, though nowadays this is not the norm.
Certainly after the first mention, the work should be referred to by the name of
the first author with ‘et al.’ added afterwards. Thus a reference to the textbook
written by Andrew Radford, Martin Atkinson, David Britain, Harald Clahsen
and Andrew Spencer would normally be in the form ‘Radford et al. (1999)’.
Note there is no full stop/period after the et, since this is a complete Latin word.
How do I refer to something which occurs in a footnote?
If you are citing material which appears in a footnote in the original, you say so
in your reference. Thus you might write:
the term ‘lexicalised’ appears to be widely accepted in this sense (see
Bauer 1983: 48 note 4).
If there is only one footnote on the relevant page, you might not need to cite
the number of the note, and it may be possible to write fn (for ‘footnote’) rather