DEVELOPMENTAL CRISIS IN EARLY ADULTHOOD: A ...

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2.11 The Changing Challenges of Early Adulthood Young adults now have a wider array of culturally accepted paths to take through early adulthood than in the 1970s, meaning that many conventional options have lost in popularity. Marriage, for one example, has shown a steady and consistent decline as a lifestyle preference since a rise in popularity during the 1970s from almost 500,000 a year in 1973 to less than 300,000 in the year of 2005 (see Fig.4) Early adulthood is still the principle age group for those who do still opt for marriage. In 2003, 72% of men who got married did so between the ages of 20 and 40, while 78% of women who got married did so in this same age group 1 . Also in the same year of 2003, 51% of divorces were before the age of 40, illustrating that dealing with the break up of marriage is also now a component of the early adult phase for many 2 . Figure 4. Numbers of marriages per year in the UK (1950- 2005) 3 Thousands The diminishing popularity of marriage is mirrored in the changing ratio of births occurring within and outside of marriage. Figure 5 shows the stable trend over thirty years from 1974 to 2004 in numbers of births outside of marriage and numbers of births within marriage. 1 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/xsdataset.asp?More=Y&vlnk=5307&All=Y&B2.x=86&B2.y=12 2 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Table3_Divorces_Sex_and_age_at_divorce.xls 3 Taken from: www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=322 33
Figure 5. Births within marriage and out of marriage to women in 20-40 age range, 1974-2004 500000 400000 Number 300000 Within marriage Outside of marriage 200000 100000 0 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year The change has been constant and substantial; births outside marriage have increased and births within marriage have decreased. If this trend continues, then births outside marriage will overtake those occurring within marriage within a decade. Related to this statistic, the percentage of children living in a lone-parent family has increased from 7% in 1972 to 25% in 2004 4 . Alongside the changes in family structure and partnership have been changes in gender roles. Traditional conceptions of masculinity have been revised over the past three decades and challenged by a new politics of masculinity in which some men develop a masculinity away from the mainstream macho image (Connell, 1987). This involves new codes of conduct for treating women, e.g. not pushing for control within families and not demanding the initiative in sex. It means new responsibilities for caring for children and opening up emotionally to other men. It has meant “shifting the focus of life from careers and money to human relationships and from the mechanical world to the natural world” (Connell, 1987, p.19). Corresponding to this, the Office of National Statistics cites a rise in the number of stay-at-home fathers who take primary child-rearing responsibility, from being not even statistically registered in the 1970s, to 118,000 in 1993 to 194,000 in 2006. 5 Cabrera et al. (2000) chart that in the USA there are now more single mothers than in the 1970s, but for those fathers who do live with their children, there has been a doubling in the amount of time spent with their children since the 1970s. This 4 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=1163&Pos=6&ColRank=2&Rank=320 5 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/lmsuk0407.pdf 34
Page 1 and 2: DEVELOPMENTAL CRISIS IN EARLY ADULT
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgements I would like to th
Page 5 and 6: 7 Study 2: Rescuing the Hijacked Se
Page 7 and 8: considered to be a constructive par
Page 9 and 10: models, psychodynamic theory, socia
Page 11 and 12: This literature review will act as
Page 13 and 14: stable structures, by the assimilat
Page 15 and 16: goal-directed sense, but there is a
Page 17 and 18: “Where such a Dream exists, we ar
Page 19 and 20: Table I. Caplan’s Four Phases of
Page 21 and 22: Table III. O’Connor and Wolfe’s
Page 23 and 24: “Having a crisis at the time is n
Page 25 and 26: 1. Undergoing stressful experiences
Page 27 and 28: The store of self-knowledge provide
Page 29 and 30: has, according to Booker (2005), ev
Page 31 and 32: of which represents a more complex
Page 33 and 34: isolated set of me-facts but is dee
Page 35 and 36: terms. These kind of popularised th
Page 37: involves genuine integration of com
Page 41 and 42: ecorded by the US Bureau of Labor S
Page 43 and 44: group data and statistical analysis
Page 45 and 46: cognitive dissonance theory on a si
Page 47 and 48: testing and theory-exemplification
Page 49 and 50: human agendas that shape knowledge.
Page 51 and 52: 4. A Composite Qualitative Methodol
Page 53 and 54: thesis, and I shall later in this c
Page 55 and 56: Nonetheless it could also be argued
Page 57 and 58: IPA can employ any written data sou
Page 59 and 60: ecommended to use a homogenous samp
Page 61 and 62: Case summaries are another written
Page 63 and 64: similarities that bind clusters tog
Page 65 and 66: conclusions and findings in order t
Page 67 and 68: d) Resonance / Impact / Applicabili
Page 69 and 70: 3. A consent form detailing the key
Page 71 and 72: Dear all, I am currently in the 1 s
Page 73 and 74: accurately restructure the events,
Page 75 and 76: for the whole gender, and then with
Page 77 and 78: Neil 30 IT manager N.A. Violet 36 A
Page 79 and 80: areas were covered spontaneously as
Page 81 and 82: indication of important development
Page 83 and 84: starting with female clusters and t
Page 85 and 86: 6. Study 1 Results: An Emerging Cri
Page 87 and 88: This vignette is illustrative and i
Page 89 and 90:
“By the time I moved into my own
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New vocational role In Phase 4, cri
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As Mary’s crisis emerges in her l
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Angela similarly learned to stand u
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university to do a degree in psycho
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of my building, heated through by i
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married with two children and was a
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acceptable.” (p.8). George was li
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“You know, I’d failed, it was t
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Phase 4 - Post-Crisis: Resolution A
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Phase 1 - Early Crisis: Constrictio
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In his early thirties, Leon finally
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Phase 1 - Early Crisis: Locked In A
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Phase 3 and 4: Exploration and Reso
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6.6 Summary of the 4-Phase Pattern
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can also subtly undermine personal
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George developed a party-guy person
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sense of self, but meanwhile the se
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process in order to help account fo
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Data Collection In order to gain su
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Brainstorm memo #2 - “Guy: proces
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Results 7.3 Summary of Key Events i
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“That’s a realisation looking b
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efore the crisis Guy had lost the f
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that were pushing upon me that this
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Guy relates this behaviour to his s
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“I’ve stopped allowing myself t
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ecause an over-riding life emphasis
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transformation and development, rat
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8. Study 3: Crisis, Persona and the
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Peer pressure Need for social acce
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At the time of the crisis, Frank wa
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Frank’s young Dream was to become
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sham or an act. This dissonant dysf
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the ranks. Nobody tells you that yo
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“What I often refer to is a dress
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Claire described the business world
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a cellar, it’s really suffocating
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environment, during which time she
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and is no longer so concerned with
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understanding early adult crisis. T
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it leads to a lack of inner-outer b
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they can be channelled to support a
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9. A Conjectural Model of Early Adu
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The motivation for entering into th
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Phase 2: Separation Life Situation:
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training programme, a philosophy de
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“But I am going for jobs for diff
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9.3 Eight Theoretical Precepts on C
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homogeneity. For Jung, the removal
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assertiveness, for to act in accord
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throughout, and while this may glos
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lifespan and the context of relatio
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oth phases there is the description
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“In order to make commitments to
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Interactive Model and Smith’s Int
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economic groups get married earlier
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The Participant Feedback Exercise Y
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Question 3 asked whether the model
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10.9 Reflexive Considerations: The
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work that suggested crisis does occ
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may be of benefit to bring others i
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In sum, the current study provides
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References Ainsworth, M. (1967). In
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Cabrera, N.J., Tamis-LeMonda, C.S.,
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Festinger, L., Riecken, H.W. & Scha
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Hudson, W.C. (1978). Persona and De
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Lincoln, Y.S. & Guba, E.G. (1985).
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Polkinghorne, D.E. (1988). Narrativ
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Smith, J. (1991). Conceiving Selves
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Appendices 224
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SELF - process and structure • Wh
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“Dancing became absolutely phenom
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STUDY 3 - First Interview Schedule
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o How would you describe your new j
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Materialism • How do you think yo
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• Are you still as driven by mone
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Mark Interview 2 Schedule Pre-Crisi
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Victoria - Interview 2 guide Pre-Cr
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Claire - Interview 2 guide Pre-cris
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Lilly - Interview 2 Schedule Pre-Cr
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Information Sheet for Studies 1 and
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APPENDIX C School of Psychology Bir
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and so there was unused freedom. Lo
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5/02/05 As the crisis progresses, G
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Violet memos 09.02.05 Once again we
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acceptance of genuine possibility,
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All these ladies and gents went bac
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accompany the post-partition state.
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lack of available time to pursue an
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Pragmatism and Pluralism properties
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Cyclical and iterative nature of re
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Gemma Interview 10 Case Summary Gem
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Coding Frame and Quotes 1. Backgrou
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were trying to crush it too.” 4
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3d) Separation from old self 3e) Ne
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Rob kids Working as advertising exe
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Table XIX: Case Ordered Matrix of P
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