DEVELOPMENTAL CRISIS IN EARLY ADULTHOOD: A ...

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Transcripts are considered essential in the analytical process for both methods, as dealing directly with raw data gives the analysis a solid grounding in the empirical material. Analysis proceeds in a similar way in both methods, with the creation of units of meaning to account for recurrent or salient segments of data. In IPA these units are called themes and in the Interactive Model they are called codes. These themes/codes are then organised into higher-level units (IPA – superordinate themes, Interactive Model – pattern codes), to bring order to these analytical elements. Both cite the importance of linking codes to illustrative passages of text so that the particular-abstraction link is made explicit. Finally, the creators of both approaches sanction the further development of their methods, therefore giving some warrant to the kind of composite attempted in this thesis: “We have tried to bring together a serviceable set of resources, to encourage their use, and, above all, to stimulate their further development, testing and refinement.” (Miles and Huberman, 1994, p.3) “There is no single, definitive way to do IPA. We are offering suggestions, ways we have found that work for us…as you proceed, you may find yourself adapting the method to your own particular way of working and the particular topic you are investigating.” (Smith and Osborn, 2003, p.52-3) Of course, IPA and the Interactive Model have their key differences too, which allow them to bring specific strengths to a research endeavour. In the next section, the components of the composite will be described and explicitly attributed to their location in one or both of the source methods. 4.3 Components of the Composite Methodology Case Definition and Sampling Case definition is a part of Miles and Huberman’s method and is a component of the composite. It involves setting the boundaries to investigation by creating a- priori definitions of the key constructs that are under investigation. It makes research more controlled and more conceptually clear, while aiding recruitment of persons by providing inclusion and exclusion criteria for those who are eligible to participate in the study. The process of case definition feeds into determining the boundaries of the “sample universe” – the total group of individuals who are valid for participation, and hence from which individuals can be selected. Studies involving IPA are 53
ecommended to use a homogenous sample universe; either a “closely defined group” or “individuals with similar demographic / socio-economic status profiles.” (Smith and Eatough, 2006, p.329). This then maximises the chance of cross-case comparison, of common patterns and of generalisation to others within this defined sample universe. The recommended number of participants in an IPA study is put at between 1 and 15, with the standard being 6 to 8. More than this number may prevent adequate attention on each individual, while less will limit the possibility of crosscase themes emerging. Finding and selecting the right persons for participation from within a sample universe requires a flexible set of purposive sampling approaches. Miles and Huberman list seventeen possible approaches, all of which are valuable for certain kinds of research problem, and should be chosen/combined in a problem-focused manner: 1. Maximum variation 2. Politically important cases 3. Homogenous 4. Random purposeful 5. Critical case 6. Stratified purposeful 7. Theory based 8. Criterion sample 9. Confirming or disconfirming case 10. Opportunistic sample 11. Extreme or deviant case 12. Combination or mixed 13. Typical case 14. Snowball or chain 15. Information-rich case 16. Comprehensive For a full description of these different strategies and their uses, the reader is directed to Miles and Huberman’s original text (1994, p.28), or for a brief description to Appendix J. The approaches are not mutually exclusive, so can be used in conjunction with one another. In the current composite methodology, all of Miles and Huberman’s purposive sampling strategies are considered to be valid options, and with the further influence of IPA, homogeneity of sample universe is emphasised where possible and sample numbers are maintained within the suggested parameters of 1 to approximately 15. Data Collection Qualitative data in the composite method can be gained from any source of written material, from historical documents to interviews, or observational material such as field notes. IPA is open to multiple data sources, but specialises in the use of semi-structured interviews and focus groups, particularly the former. In a recent IPA sourcebook (Smith and Osborn, 2003), the authors set out protocols for developing 54
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DEVELOPMENTAL CRISIS IN EARLY ADULT
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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7 Study 2: Rescuing the Hijacked Se
Page 7 and 8: considered to be a constructive par
Page 9 and 10: models, psychodynamic theory, socia
Page 11 and 12: This literature review will act as
Page 13 and 14: stable structures, by the assimilat
Page 15 and 16: goal-directed sense, but there is a
Page 17 and 18: “Where such a Dream exists, we ar
Page 19 and 20: Table I. Caplan’s Four Phases of
Page 21 and 22: Table III. O’Connor and Wolfe’s
Page 23 and 24: “Having a crisis at the time is n
Page 25 and 26: 1. Undergoing stressful experiences
Page 27 and 28: The store of self-knowledge provide
Page 29 and 30: has, according to Booker (2005), ev
Page 31 and 32: of which represents a more complex
Page 33 and 34: isolated set of me-facts but is dee
Page 35 and 36: terms. These kind of popularised th
Page 37 and 38: involves genuine integration of com
Page 39 and 40: Figure 5. Births within marriage an
Page 41 and 42: ecorded by the US Bureau of Labor S
Page 43 and 44: group data and statistical analysis
Page 45 and 46: cognitive dissonance theory on a si
Page 47 and 48: testing and theory-exemplification
Page 49 and 50: human agendas that shape knowledge.
Page 51 and 52: 4. A Composite Qualitative Methodol
Page 53 and 54: thesis, and I shall later in this c
Page 55 and 56: Nonetheless it could also be argued
Page 57: IPA can employ any written data sou
Page 61 and 62: Case summaries are another written
Page 63 and 64: similarities that bind clusters tog
Page 65 and 66: conclusions and findings in order t
Page 67 and 68: d) Resonance / Impact / Applicabili
Page 69 and 70: 3. A consent form detailing the key
Page 71 and 72: Dear all, I am currently in the 1 s
Page 73 and 74: accurately restructure the events,
Page 75 and 76: for the whole gender, and then with
Page 77 and 78: Neil 30 IT manager N.A. Violet 36 A
Page 79 and 80: areas were covered spontaneously as
Page 81 and 82: indication of important development
Page 83 and 84: starting with female clusters and t
Page 85 and 86: 6. Study 1 Results: An Emerging Cri
Page 87 and 88: This vignette is illustrative and i
Page 89 and 90: “By the time I moved into my own
Page 91 and 92: New vocational role In Phase 4, cri
Page 93 and 94: As Mary’s crisis emerges in her l
Page 95 and 96: Angela similarly learned to stand u
Page 97 and 98: university to do a degree in psycho
Page 99 and 100: of my building, heated through by i
Page 101 and 102: married with two children and was a
Page 103 and 104: acceptable.” (p.8). George was li
Page 105 and 106: “You know, I’d failed, it was t
Page 107 and 108: Phase 4 - Post-Crisis: Resolution A
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Phase 1 - Early Crisis: Constrictio
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In his early thirties, Leon finally
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Phase 1 - Early Crisis: Locked In A
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Phase 3 and 4: Exploration and Reso
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6.6 Summary of the 4-Phase Pattern
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can also subtly undermine personal
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George developed a party-guy person
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sense of self, but meanwhile the se
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process in order to help account fo
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Data Collection In order to gain su
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Brainstorm memo #2 - “Guy: proces
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Results 7.3 Summary of Key Events i
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“That’s a realisation looking b
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efore the crisis Guy had lost the f
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that were pushing upon me that this
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Guy relates this behaviour to his s
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“I’ve stopped allowing myself t
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ecause an over-riding life emphasis
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transformation and development, rat
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8. Study 3: Crisis, Persona and the
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Peer pressure Need for social acce
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At the time of the crisis, Frank wa
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Frank’s young Dream was to become
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sham or an act. This dissonant dysf
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the ranks. Nobody tells you that yo
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“What I often refer to is a dress
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Claire described the business world
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a cellar, it’s really suffocating
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environment, during which time she
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and is no longer so concerned with
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understanding early adult crisis. T
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it leads to a lack of inner-outer b
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they can be channelled to support a
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9. A Conjectural Model of Early Adu
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The motivation for entering into th
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Phase 2: Separation Life Situation:
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training programme, a philosophy de
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“But I am going for jobs for diff
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9.3 Eight Theoretical Precepts on C
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homogeneity. For Jung, the removal
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assertiveness, for to act in accord
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throughout, and while this may glos
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lifespan and the context of relatio
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oth phases there is the description
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“In order to make commitments to
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Interactive Model and Smith’s Int
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economic groups get married earlier
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The Participant Feedback Exercise Y
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Question 3 asked whether the model
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10.9 Reflexive Considerations: The
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work that suggested crisis does occ
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may be of benefit to bring others i
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In sum, the current study provides
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References Ainsworth, M. (1967). In
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Cabrera, N.J., Tamis-LeMonda, C.S.,
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Festinger, L., Riecken, H.W. & Scha
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Hudson, W.C. (1978). Persona and De
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Lincoln, Y.S. & Guba, E.G. (1985).
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Polkinghorne, D.E. (1988). Narrativ
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Smith, J. (1991). Conceiving Selves
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Appendices 224
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SELF - process and structure • Wh
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“Dancing became absolutely phenom
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STUDY 3 - First Interview Schedule
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o How would you describe your new j
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Materialism • How do you think yo
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• Are you still as driven by mone
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Mark Interview 2 Schedule Pre-Crisi
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Victoria - Interview 2 guide Pre-Cr
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Claire - Interview 2 guide Pre-cris
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Lilly - Interview 2 Schedule Pre-Cr
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Information Sheet for Studies 1 and
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APPENDIX C School of Psychology Bir
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and so there was unused freedom. Lo
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5/02/05 As the crisis progresses, G
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Violet memos 09.02.05 Once again we
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acceptance of genuine possibility,
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All these ladies and gents went bac
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accompany the post-partition state.
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lack of available time to pursue an
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Pragmatism and Pluralism properties
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Cyclical and iterative nature of re
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Gemma Interview 10 Case Summary Gem
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Coding Frame and Quotes 1. Backgrou
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were trying to crush it too.” 4
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3d) Separation from old self 3e) Ne
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Rob kids Working as advertising exe
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Table XIX: Case Ordered Matrix of P
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