DEVELOPMENTAL CRISIS IN EARLY ADULTHOOD: A ...

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summary model or diagram, and organising the report around a “rich, memorablynamed core category or constitutive feature” (p.223). Coherence should lend results and report clarity and parsimony. A parsimonious analysis is one that does not multiply constructs unnecessarily, and integrates data within the most elegant and conceptually simplified solution. However, a caveat on the issue of coherence is given by Miles and Huberman. They point out that contradictions, confusions and impasses are also indicators of valid and proper qualitative research too, for the world of human beings and human relations is full of such complications: “We believe that methodological quagmires, mazes, and dead ends are not necessarily a product of researcher incapacity, but of qualitative data themselves. Like the phenomena they mirror, they are usually complex, ambiguous, and sometimes downright contradictory. Doing qualitative analysis means living for as long as possible with that complexity and ambiguity, coming to terms with it, and passing on your conclusions to the reader in a form that clarifies and deepens understanding.” (Miles and Huberman, 1994, p.309) It is therefore important not to strive for coherence to the point that contradictions in the data are glossed over in favour of neat parsimony. A balance must be found between order and chaos in any qualitative work, and the right balance is very much project-specific. c) Sensitivity Acknowledgement of and sensitivity to the multiple contexts of qualitative research is a key benchmark of quality for both IPA and Miles and Huberman. Yardley (2000) suggests that good qualitative research is sensitive to theoretical and philosophical context. Smith (2003) promotes the importance of situating research in the socio-cultural milieu in which it occurred and to which it applies in order to show sensitivity to this context. Elliott et al. (1990) ask for sensitivity to the individuality of the people participating in the study. This can be done by describing the background and demographics of participants, and allowing individual nuances to be maintained alongside the search for commonalities. There is also the sensitivity of the data collection itself, with the issues of the relationship between researcher and participant, and the importance of being sensitive to the needs of participants during the process of data collection. The presence of all these sensitivities improves the quality of a research project, and improves the depth and quality of data. 61
d) Resonance / Impact / Applicability The final dimension of validity and quality appears in all the approaches to validity mentioned above, and relates to the overall salience of the project. Elliott et al. (1990) refer to the concept of resonance – the experience for the reader of being struck by, interested by, and engaged with, a piece of research, due to the insightfulness, novelty or empathic connection with, the findings. Yardley (2000) and Smith (2003) both argue for the impact of a piece of research as an indicator of validity. This involves a consideration of theoretical impact, practical impact and socio-cultural impact. Miles and Huberman (1994) focus on the practical impact of a research project as a sign of validity. They look at the extent to which a finding is useful and applicable in real-world contexts, and can therefore be translated from theory into action. This is verifiable by assessing whether there are possible applied recommendations or implications within the findings, and ideally by actual application of findings or theory within an applied or clinical setting. 62
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DEVELOPMENTAL CRISIS IN EARLY ADULT
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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7 Study 2: Rescuing the Hijacked Se
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considered to be a constructive par
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models, psychodynamic theory, socia
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This literature review will act as
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stable structures, by the assimilat
Page 15 and 16: goal-directed sense, but there is a
Page 17 and 18: “Where such a Dream exists, we ar
Page 19 and 20: Table I. Caplan’s Four Phases of
Page 21 and 22: Table III. O’Connor and Wolfe’s
Page 23 and 24: “Having a crisis at the time is n
Page 25 and 26: 1. Undergoing stressful experiences
Page 27 and 28: The store of self-knowledge provide
Page 29 and 30: has, according to Booker (2005), ev
Page 31 and 32: of which represents a more complex
Page 33 and 34: isolated set of me-facts but is dee
Page 35 and 36: terms. These kind of popularised th
Page 37 and 38: involves genuine integration of com
Page 39 and 40: Figure 5. Births within marriage an
Page 41 and 42: ecorded by the US Bureau of Labor S
Page 43 and 44: group data and statistical analysis
Page 45 and 46: cognitive dissonance theory on a si
Page 47 and 48: testing and theory-exemplification
Page 49 and 50: human agendas that shape knowledge.
Page 51 and 52: 4. A Composite Qualitative Methodol
Page 53 and 54: thesis, and I shall later in this c
Page 55 and 56: Nonetheless it could also be argued
Page 57 and 58: IPA can employ any written data sou
Page 59 and 60: ecommended to use a homogenous samp
Page 61 and 62: Case summaries are another written
Page 63 and 64: similarities that bind clusters tog
Page 65: conclusions and findings in order t
Page 69 and 70: 3. A consent form detailing the key
Page 71 and 72: Dear all, I am currently in the 1 s
Page 73 and 74: accurately restructure the events,
Page 75 and 76: for the whole gender, and then with
Page 77 and 78: Neil 30 IT manager N.A. Violet 36 A
Page 79 and 80: areas were covered spontaneously as
Page 81 and 82: indication of important development
Page 83 and 84: starting with female clusters and t
Page 85 and 86: 6. Study 1 Results: An Emerging Cri
Page 87 and 88: This vignette is illustrative and i
Page 89 and 90: “By the time I moved into my own
Page 91 and 92: New vocational role In Phase 4, cri
Page 93 and 94: As Mary’s crisis emerges in her l
Page 95 and 96: Angela similarly learned to stand u
Page 97 and 98: university to do a degree in psycho
Page 99 and 100: of my building, heated through by i
Page 101 and 102: married with two children and was a
Page 103 and 104: acceptable.” (p.8). George was li
Page 105 and 106: “You know, I’d failed, it was t
Page 107 and 108: Phase 4 - Post-Crisis: Resolution A
Page 109 and 110: Phase 1 - Early Crisis: Constrictio
Page 111 and 112: In his early thirties, Leon finally
Page 113 and 114: Phase 1 - Early Crisis: Locked In A
Page 115 and 116: Phase 3 and 4: Exploration and Reso
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6.6 Summary of the 4-Phase Pattern
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can also subtly undermine personal
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George developed a party-guy person
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sense of self, but meanwhile the se
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process in order to help account fo
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Data Collection In order to gain su
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Brainstorm memo #2 - “Guy: proces
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Results 7.3 Summary of Key Events i
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“That’s a realisation looking b
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efore the crisis Guy had lost the f
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that were pushing upon me that this
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Guy relates this behaviour to his s
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“I’ve stopped allowing myself t
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ecause an over-riding life emphasis
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transformation and development, rat
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8. Study 3: Crisis, Persona and the
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Peer pressure Need for social acce
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At the time of the crisis, Frank wa
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Frank’s young Dream was to become
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sham or an act. This dissonant dysf
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the ranks. Nobody tells you that yo
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“What I often refer to is a dress
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Claire described the business world
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a cellar, it’s really suffocating
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environment, during which time she
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and is no longer so concerned with
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understanding early adult crisis. T
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it leads to a lack of inner-outer b
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they can be channelled to support a
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9. A Conjectural Model of Early Adu
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The motivation for entering into th
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Phase 2: Separation Life Situation:
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training programme, a philosophy de
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“But I am going for jobs for diff
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9.3 Eight Theoretical Precepts on C
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homogeneity. For Jung, the removal
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assertiveness, for to act in accord
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throughout, and while this may glos
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lifespan and the context of relatio
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oth phases there is the description
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“In order to make commitments to
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Interactive Model and Smith’s Int
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economic groups get married earlier
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The Participant Feedback Exercise Y
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Question 3 asked whether the model
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10.9 Reflexive Considerations: The
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work that suggested crisis does occ
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may be of benefit to bring others i
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In sum, the current study provides
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References Ainsworth, M. (1967). In
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Cabrera, N.J., Tamis-LeMonda, C.S.,
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Festinger, L., Riecken, H.W. & Scha
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Hudson, W.C. (1978). Persona and De
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Lincoln, Y.S. & Guba, E.G. (1985).
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Polkinghorne, D.E. (1988). Narrativ
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Smith, J. (1991). Conceiving Selves
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Appendices 224
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SELF - process and structure • Wh
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“Dancing became absolutely phenom
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STUDY 3 - First Interview Schedule
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o How would you describe your new j
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Materialism • How do you think yo
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• Are you still as driven by mone
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Mark Interview 2 Schedule Pre-Crisi
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Victoria - Interview 2 guide Pre-Cr
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Claire - Interview 2 guide Pre-cris
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Lilly - Interview 2 Schedule Pre-Cr
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Information Sheet for Studies 1 and
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APPENDIX C School of Psychology Bir
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and so there was unused freedom. Lo
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5/02/05 As the crisis progresses, G
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Violet memos 09.02.05 Once again we
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acceptance of genuine possibility,
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All these ladies and gents went bac
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accompany the post-partition state.
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lack of available time to pursue an
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Pragmatism and Pluralism properties
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Cyclical and iterative nature of re
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Gemma Interview 10 Case Summary Gem
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Coding Frame and Quotes 1. Backgrou
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were trying to crush it too.” 4
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3d) Separation from old self 3e) Ne
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Rob kids Working as advertising exe
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Table XIX: Case Ordered Matrix of P
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