North Korean Policy Elites - Defense Technical Information Center

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subject headings, including South Korean affairs, the world situation, and science/technology. These are composed of unclassified material, similar to China’s “Red TASS” and the former Soviet Union’s “White TASS.” These materials are disseminated twice a day to vice directors / ministers and above. 71 In departments / ministries with an international portfolio (i.e., the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Foreign Trade), this information may be pushed further down in the apparatus. The Reference Paper contains much of the information contained in Reference News, minus some of the more sensitive stories. It is distributed to the middle levels in KWP and Cabinet, directors in institutions and organizations, and presidents of companies. Despite the restrictions placed on dissemination of foreign information within the North Korean elite, many members of this privileged class have some understanding of the outside world based on personal experience. As can be seen from Table 10, many members of the North Korean elite have ventured beyond the borders of North Korea, be it through education or career. Much of that experience at the senior echelons of the party was achieved in early life and for the most part in patron countries friendly to North Korea, such as the Soviet Union or China. The Leadership’s Access to Foreign Expertise within the Regime Select senior officials are informed about the outside world. In addition to those in the diplomatic and intelligence communities, there are cadre attached to semi-official organizations, such as the Asia Pacific Peace Committee, who regularly engage the international community. These officials, however, are carefully watched and their ability to establish significant ties with both foreigners and other members of the North Korean leadership is restricted. In many cases, this isolation is self-imposed to guard against the possibility of being accused by political opponents of colluding with foreign interests. Following the death of Kim Il-sung, Kim Yong-nam was removed as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1998 and gradually ceded his roles in diplomacy to the late Kim Yong-sun and the vice ministers of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Over the last few years, this group of diplomats has become the center of expertise on the outside world. A rising star within this community is Kang Sok-chu, the First Vice Foreign Minister. He began his career in the KWP International Department and shifted to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the mid-1980s when the center of foreign policy was shifted to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He is rumored to have close contacts with Kim Chong-il. 72 Since the death of his patron, Kim Yong-sun, Kang has become 71 According to some sources, many senior North Korean leaders allow their staffs to read the material and underline the critical parts for their attention. Discussion with Kim Kwang-in, December 2003. 72 Kang is rumored to be a former member of Kim Chong-il’s “Three Revolutions Teams.” A sign of Kang’s growing influence was revealed in October 2003 when he attended talks between Kim Chong-il and China’s Wu Bangguo. Tokyo Kyodo Clue II (Internet Version) in Japanese (November 4, 2003). II-36
the focus for not only a significant portion of North Korea’s diplomatic operations, especially regarding the United States, but also the primary patron within the diplomatic community. 73 Table II-10. North Korean Officials with International Experience or Contacts 74 Name Position Education Remarks Kim Chong-il General Secretary and Visits to Russia and China. Chairman of NDC Kim Kyong-hui Director, KWP Light Moscow University Industry Department Kye Ung-tae KWP Secretary for Public Security, Politburo Soviet Party High School Chon Pyongho KWP Secretary for Military Moscow University Munitions, Politburo Choe Tae-pok Chairman, SPA, KWP Secretary for Education, Alternate Member of Politburo Technical University of Leipzig Numerous meetings with foreign delegations. Led delegations abroad, such as Thailand. Former Chairman, SPA Foreign Affairs Committee. Kim Yong-nam Han Songyong President, SPA (titular head of state), Politburo KWP Secretary for Heavy Industry, Politburo, Chairman, SPA Budget Committee Moscow University Prague Institute for Technology Pak Song-chol Politburo Jochi University (Japan) Kim Yong-chu Politburo Moscow University Choe Yongnim Hong Songnam Yang Hyongsop Alternate Member of Politburo, Former Premier, Alternate Member of Politburo Alternate Member of Politburo Moscow University Prague Institute of Technology Moscow University Began career in KWP International Department. Foreign Minister (1983-98). Accepts foreign diplomatic credentials, greets visiting foreign dignitaries. Rumored to be concerned about North Korea’s isolation in the world. Allegedly speaks French, English, and Russian. At one time, he traveled in Eastern Europe and had some contacts in China. He led a January 2004 North Korean delegation to Nigeria. 73 Discussion with Noriyuki Suzuki, the director of Japan’s Radio Press, a Foreign Ministry-affiliated organization which monitors DPRK media, December 2003. 74 This chart is based on a wide variety of sources, including Yi Hang-ku’s 1995 book Kim Chong-il and His Staff (in Korean). It is not meant to be exhaustive, but to provide some examples of the variety of international experience contained within the leadership. II-37
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INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES Nort
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INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES IDA
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CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & INTROD
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To write accurately about North Kor
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technocrats, provincial and county
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PREFACE This paper will examine in
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ABBREVIATIONS AGI CCSKA COMSEC DoD
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information streams, and from him t
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within the hands of a few individua
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and whether or not he will embarras
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to the lowest-levels of the KPA. As
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strengthening of all armed forces,
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esearch institutes and “think tan
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The primary missions of the Reconna
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communication that generally fall o
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of the State Security Department or
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maintaining strict control over the
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agencies in the ROK and Japan began
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The Guard and Security Commands, wh
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eports that are funneled up through
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Complicating the entire “Kim-cent
Page 52 and 53: Within the military, this dynamic c
Page 54 and 55: him that all significant orders and
Page 56 and 57: Until the 1990s, the electronic med
Page 59: II. THE NORTH KOREAN LEADERSHIP: SY
Page 62 and 63: TABLES 1. Key Family Members in the
Page 64 and 65: The factional struggles in North Ko
Page 67 and 68: A. INTRODUCTION By definition, a to
Page 69 and 70: C. THE TECHNOLOGY OF POWER A Party
Page 71 and 72: document control bureaus in each mi
Page 73 and 74: Originally implemented in 1994 and
Page 75 and 76: Table II-1. Key Family Members in t
Page 77 and 78: of associates who trace their relat
Page 79 and 80: September 9, 2003, showed a change
Page 81 and 82: Chart II-2: Secretariat 5. Kye Ung-
Page 83 and 84: Members 1. Yi Ul-sul 4. Yi Yong-mu
Page 85 and 86: Table II-6. Kim Chong-il’s Princi
Page 87 and 88: Table II-7. Kim Chong-il’s Person
Page 89 and 90: chance to unfold. In terms of syste
Page 91 and 92: domestic policy arena, the split is
Page 93 and 94: At the second echelon of power, Kim
Page 95 and 96: D. FLOW OF INFORMATION George Kenna
Page 97 and 98: about things that affect their care
Page 99 and 100: (ID) and External Liaison (ELD) dep
Page 101: For the rest of the North Korean le
Page 105 and 106: At the 11 th Supreme People’s Ass
Page 107 and 108: There is little doubt that one of t
Page 109 and 110: decision-making process. Moreover,
Page 111: III. THE WELL-INFORMED CADRE RALPH
Page 115 and 116: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY DEFINITIONS AND A
Page 117: greater access to first-hand inform
Page 120 and 121: The first question addressed by thi
Page 122 and 123: But this lack of enthusiasm is prob
Page 124 and 125: as the 1950s. 16 The security organ
Page 126 and 127: Another way to look at divisions wi
Page 128 and 129: Because the Kim regime governs acco
Page 130 and 131: guess is that anyone who rises in t
Page 132 and 133: But even though the media serve as
Page 134 and 135: Newspapers The DPRK’s premier new
Page 136 and 137: motivation in its readers through m
Page 138 and 139: Page 2: • Kim Jong-suk’s develo
Page 140 and 141: This selection of news items presen
Page 142 and 143: in the wake of the U.S. propaganda
Page 144 and 145: the general audience in a two-step
Page 146 and 147: also countries surrounding the Kore
Page 148 and 149: that the war in Iraq was “a test
Page 150 and 151: and transform us internally through
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eceived with little thought and has
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outside world than the ordinary wor
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cognitive dissonance, particular ca
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IV. INSIDE NORTH KOREA’S BLACK BO
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The North Korean
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A. BETTER, MERRIER, MORE HOPEFUL LI
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In contrast, the optimists believe
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to the throne. The State Council us
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1976-1977, 4 and in 1986-1987 (see
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Bulgarian Trade Unions, after which
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Second, the principal objective of
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southward expansion, and, last but
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controlling some of North Korea’s
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also against the second-tier family
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Kim Sung-ae, who is Kim Il Sung’s
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“National Security Establishment
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October 1980. Many of them (Yon Hyo
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severe draught in 1988 and the dram
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The advent of the “Songun Era”
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IV-30
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Bearing in mind Kim Jong Il’s rec
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Table IV-2. Composition of the Nort
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Cabinet Posts 10 th SPA 11 th SPA R
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Eastern Europe. That was reportedly
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Table IV-5. Leading Ideologues Insi
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Table IV-7. Regional Origins of Top
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“Foreign Wind” The “foreign w
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Table IV-10. Some of the Most Influ
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Table IV-11. The North-South “Han
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Song Sok Hwan Vice-Minister Cha Sun
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Table IV-13. Korean-American “Int
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content and government monitoring.
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Northern security, military, and pa
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APPENDIX B TONGIL STREET FREE MARKE
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V. REACHING INTO NORTH KOREA DAVID
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY North Korea is no
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message right to Kim Jong-il, and m
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isk escape from the hermit kingdom.
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Society is divided into three broad
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contradictions.” 17 This makes se
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Internet is not specifically mentio
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led to a training program for young
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North Korea’s exports from legiti
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een the biggest buyers of ivory ove
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worker who travels throughout North
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If we want to reach into North Kore
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conversations with the correct mix
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Although the future of cellular tel
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There are a host of other things on
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Each of the five papers in this col
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promotions) and punishments (e.g.,
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although presumably all calls are m
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cultural rules.” Given the “str
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Speaking of Kim, whom does he consu
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Terms of Reference: North Korean Po
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Joseph S. Bermudez Jr. is an intern
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APPENDIX C ASIAN VIEWS OF NORTH KOR
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In any case, the reforms provide a
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View from Seoul The single most imp
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