North Korean Policy Elites - Defense Technical Information Center

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personal apparatus. The source of much speculation by North Korean watchers, Kim Chong-il’s personal secretariat wields influence by virtue of its “gatekeeping” function. 23 Often compared to the royal order system that operated during the Chosun Dynasty (1392-1910), Kim Chong-il’s personal secretariat has no official sanction and rarely is mentioned in the North Korean press. It receives, classifies, and facilitates documents addressed to the chairman (Kim Chong-il) and then issues instructions. It also administers Kim’s schedule, itineraries, protocol and logistics supply, and liaisons with the Guards Command to ensure his security. Closely associated with Kim Chong-il’s personal secretariat (and even overlapping at times) is an entity known as the “Third Floor.” 24 This element of Kim Chong-il’s personal staff assists him in conducting numerous “special” operations, both inside and outside the country. The members of the “Third Floor” cadre normally have long political lives. Paek In-su (former head of Office No. 39) worked for the apparatus for 28 years, while Kwon Yong-nok and Yi Ch’ol worked for more than 20 years. While it would be difficult to replace them, as they are in charge of secret affairs, their long hold on their positions is also not unrelated to Kim Chong-il’s personality. These behind-the-scene members of the leadership are critical to the maintenance of the regime. These “special” operations mark a significant departure from the role of the personal secretariat as it existed under Kim Il-sung. For example, the concept of a slush fund, which is managed by Kim Chong-il’s staff, did not exist. Instead, Kim Il-sung’s needs were paid for by “presidential bonds,” which were created by laying in three percent of the budget. They were akin to the resources reserved in preparation for war. 25 These secret funds are Kim Chong-il’s personal money for him to buy whatever he thinks is necessary, including daily necessities from foreign countries or presents for his subordinates. In terms of system dynamics, the operation of this nefarious activity by a key component of the regime undermines Kim’s legitimacy. 23 According to some sources, the secretariat was created in the mid-1980s, when Kim Chong-il carved out its responsibilities from the KWP CC, most likely from several departments, including the General Affairs Department, which oversees a variety of housekeeping functions for the party leadership. 24 The name comes from the location of this office, which is on the third floor of Office Complex Number 1, where Kim Chong-il’s offices are located. 25 U Chong-ch’ang, “ROK Monthly on DPRK Kim Chong-il’s Slush Fund Deposits in Swiss Banks,” Seoul, Wolgan Choson (November 1, 2000), FBIS translation KPP20001019000046. II-20
Table II-7. Kim Chong-il’s Personal Apparatus Name Private Office Kim Kang-chol Personal Secretariat Kang Sang-chun Kim Chung-il Choe Pyong-yul Pak Yong-chin Kim Hyong-chol Yi Pyong-chun Ho Myong-ok Yi Chae-kang Yi Myong-che Chang Tong-wan Chang Song-u 26 Kim Tu-nam An Yong-chol Nam Yong-chol Yom Ki-sun “Third Floor” Members not directly part of Personal Secretariat Kim Chang-son Kil Chae-kyong Kim Mun-kyong Kwon Yong-nok Kim Su-yong (aka Yi Chol) Myong Kil-hyon Kil Chae-kyong Choe Yong-ho Pak Song-pong Personal Secretary Director Position Chief, Main Office of Secretaries (oversees foreign affairs issues) Chief, Office of Adjutants (bodyguard function) Assistant for Intelligence Assistant for Intelligence Head, Documents Office Chief, Consolidation Division (part of Documents Office) Secretary to Kim Chong-il, Head, Cadres of 5 th Section (Female Entertainers) Secretary to Kim Chong-il. Provides policy recommendations and oversees Kim Chong-il’s household Chief, Office 38 (handles Kim Chong-il’s funds) Assistant for Military Strategy Director, Kumsusan Memorial Palace; Chief, Office of Military Officers Military Liaison Officer Military Liaison Officer Long-time associate of Kim Chong-il and probable adviser Position not identified. Used to be chief of Kim Chong-il’s personal secretariat. Former ambassador to Sweden, Deputy Director of KWP CC International Department. Controls East European net for Kim Chong-il. Granddaughter of Kim Chaek Chief Mangyong Trading Company. Based in Vienna, Austria. Assists in handling European funding/procurement for Kim Chong-il. Oversees Kim Chong-il overseas slush fund. Deputy Public Prosecutor; roving European ambassador; vice chairman, Korean Christian Federation. Handles Kim Chong-il’s personal Swiss accounts. Director KWP CC. In charge of overseas purchases for Kim Chong-il. Myong’s deputy in charge of purchasing daily necessities for Kim Chong-il. Procurement of goods for Kim Chong-il. Procurement of military material. 26 This posting has only recently been identified and has yet to be verified. As of mid-2003, Chang Song-u was still identified as commander of the Third Corps. II-21
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INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES Nort
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INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES IDA
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CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & INTROD
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To write accurately about North Kor
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technocrats, provincial and county
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PREFACE This paper will examine in
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ABBREVIATIONS AGI CCSKA COMSEC DoD
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information streams, and from him t
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within the hands of a few individua
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and whether or not he will embarras
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to the lowest-levels of the KPA. As
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strengthening of all armed forces,
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esearch institutes and “think tan
Page 36 and 37: The primary missions of the Reconna
Page 38 and 39: communication that generally fall o
Page 40 and 41: of the State Security Department or
Page 42 and 43: maintaining strict control over the
Page 44 and 45: agencies in the ROK and Japan began
Page 46 and 47: The Guard and Security Commands, wh
Page 48 and 49: eports that are funneled up through
Page 50 and 51: Complicating the entire “Kim-cent
Page 52 and 53: Within the military, this dynamic c
Page 54 and 55: him that all significant orders and
Page 56 and 57: Until the 1990s, the electronic med
Page 59: II. THE NORTH KOREAN LEADERSHIP: SY
Page 62 and 63: TABLES 1. Key Family Members in the
Page 64 and 65: The factional struggles in North Ko
Page 67 and 68: A. INTRODUCTION By definition, a to
Page 69 and 70: C. THE TECHNOLOGY OF POWER A Party
Page 71 and 72: document control bureaus in each mi
Page 73 and 74: Originally implemented in 1994 and
Page 75 and 76: Table II-1. Key Family Members in t
Page 77 and 78: of associates who trace their relat
Page 79 and 80: September 9, 2003, showed a change
Page 81 and 82: Chart II-2: Secretariat 5. Kye Ung-
Page 83 and 84: Members 1. Yi Ul-sul 4. Yi Yong-mu
Page 85: Table II-6. Kim Chong-il’s Princi
Page 89 and 90: chance to unfold. In terms of syste
Page 91 and 92: domestic policy arena, the split is
Page 93 and 94: At the second echelon of power, Kim
Page 95 and 96: D. FLOW OF INFORMATION George Kenna
Page 97 and 98: about things that affect their care
Page 99 and 100: (ID) and External Liaison (ELD) dep
Page 101 and 102: For the rest of the North Korean le
Page 103 and 104: the focus for not only a significan
Page 105 and 106: At the 11 th Supreme People’s Ass
Page 107 and 108: There is little doubt that one of t
Page 109 and 110: decision-making process. Moreover,
Page 111: III. THE WELL-INFORMED CADRE RALPH
Page 115 and 116: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY DEFINITIONS AND A
Page 117: greater access to first-hand inform
Page 120 and 121: The first question addressed by thi
Page 122 and 123: But this lack of enthusiasm is prob
Page 124 and 125: as the 1950s. 16 The security organ
Page 126 and 127: Another way to look at divisions wi
Page 128 and 129: Because the Kim regime governs acco
Page 130 and 131: guess is that anyone who rises in t
Page 132 and 133: But even though the media serve as
Page 134 and 135: Newspapers The DPRK’s premier new
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motivation in its readers through m
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Page 2: • Kim Jong-suk’s develo
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This selection of news items presen
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in the wake of the U.S. propaganda
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the general audience in a two-step
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also countries surrounding the Kore
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that the war in Iraq was “a test
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and transform us internally through
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eceived with little thought and has
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outside world than the ordinary wor
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cognitive dissonance, particular ca
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IV. INSIDE NORTH KOREA’S BLACK BO
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The North Korean
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A. BETTER, MERRIER, MORE HOPEFUL LI
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In contrast, the optimists believe
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to the throne. The State Council us
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1976-1977, 4 and in 1986-1987 (see
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Bulgarian Trade Unions, after which
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Second, the principal objective of
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southward expansion, and, last but
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controlling some of North Korea’s
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also against the second-tier family
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Kim Sung-ae, who is Kim Il Sung’s
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“National Security Establishment
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October 1980. Many of them (Yon Hyo
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severe draught in 1988 and the dram
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The advent of the “Songun Era”
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IV-30
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Bearing in mind Kim Jong Il’s rec
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Table IV-2. Composition of the Nort
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Cabinet Posts 10 th SPA 11 th SPA R
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Eastern Europe. That was reportedly
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Table IV-5. Leading Ideologues Insi
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Table IV-7. Regional Origins of Top
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“Foreign Wind” The “foreign w
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Table IV-10. Some of the Most Influ
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Table IV-11. The North-South “Han
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Song Sok Hwan Vice-Minister Cha Sun
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Table IV-13. Korean-American “Int
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content and government monitoring.
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Northern security, military, and pa
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APPENDIX B TONGIL STREET FREE MARKE
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V. REACHING INTO NORTH KOREA DAVID
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY North Korea is no
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message right to Kim Jong-il, and m
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isk escape from the hermit kingdom.
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Society is divided into three broad
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contradictions.” 17 This makes se
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Internet is not specifically mentio
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led to a training program for young
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North Korea’s exports from legiti
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een the biggest buyers of ivory ove
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worker who travels throughout North
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If we want to reach into North Kore
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conversations with the correct mix
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Although the future of cellular tel
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There are a host of other things on
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Each of the five papers in this col
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promotions) and punishments (e.g.,
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although presumably all calls are m
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cultural rules.” Given the “str
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Speaking of Kim, whom does he consu
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Terms of Reference: North Korean Po
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Joseph S. Bermudez Jr. is an intern
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APPENDIX C ASIAN VIEWS OF NORTH KOR
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In any case, the reforms provide a
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View from Seoul The single most imp
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Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION
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