North Korean Policy Elites - Defense Technical Information Center

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The Guard and Security Commands, while institutionally subordinate to the MPAF, are controlled by the State Security Department. Information and intelligence produced by these Commands serve as a check to that produced by the KWP’s General Political Bureau and are believed to flow upward through both the MPAF and the State Security Department. Both the Guard and Security Commands possess small SIGINT components, which are apparently focused upon internal targets. The level of computerization within these Commands is believed to be high. The Reconnaissance Bureau is the primary military intelligence agency within the DPRK. As such, it utilizes a wide array of methods to collect relevant information and process it into intelligence, which is then disseminated to varying degrees among the components of the MPAF and General Staff Department, as well as the National Defense Commission. The Internet and foreign media apparently serve as important sources of information for the Reconnaissance Bureau. With regard to information access and dissemination, the Reconnaissance Bureau’s Technical/Radio Department plays a crucial role. This Department, in cooperation with the Electronic Warfare Bureau, is believed to be the organization exercising overall responsibility for SIGINT, communications security (COMSEC), EW, and EIW operations within the MPAF. The number and organization of SIGINT assets within the MPAF is unclear. Ground based assets are believed to consist of a small number of independent SIGINT collection sites located throughout the DPRK in areas of high interest (e.g., along the DMZ and the Russian and PRC borders); the EW/SIGINT battalions within KPA corps; and the EW/SIGINT battalions that exist within some KPA divisions. In addition to these assets, the Technical/Radio Department exercises some degree of control over KPAF SIGINT collection aircraft and KPN intelligencegathering vessels (AGIs). Assets subordinate to the Technical/Radio Department are responsible for EIW operations. The Department also coordinates with the MPAF Communications Bureau and its subordinate units. The relationship and level of coordination and cooperation between the Reconnaissance Bureau’s Technical/Radio Department and the State Security Department’s Communications Interception Bureau is unknown. The Communications Interception Bureau is apparently the senior service. The Reconnaissance Bureau and the State Security Department are believed to be the principal agencies involved in the production of regular translations of foreign broadcasts. These apparently are disseminated with varying levels of access to the military and power-holding elite. As with the State Security Department, the level of computerization within the Reconnaissance Bureau is believed to be high, with numerous modern desktop and mid-range computers, the vast majority of which are of Asian manufacture. The availability of Internet I-22
access over the past ten years has undoubtedly provided several orders-of-magnitude improvement in the Reconnaissance Bureau’s ability to collect quality information and produce timely intelligence on a wide range of subjects. As noted above in reference to the CCSKA, DPRK users frequently visit U.S. Department of Defense web sites. The General Staff Department’s Classified Information Bureau, Communications Bureau, Electronic Warfare Bureau, and Military Training Bureau play unique supporting roles to the Reconnaissance Bureau in the collection and processing of military-related information. The Classified Information Bureau is believed to have an operations security (OPSEC) responsibility and works in cooperation with the Communications Bureau. It is unclear what roles this department may play in the creation of code systems for the KPA, or in the decryption of foreign communications. The Communications Bureau conducts monitoring of both domestic and foreign telecommunications traffic and is believed to work closely with the Reconnaissance Bureau and State Security Department in conducting SIGINT operations. This bureau also plays an important role within the area of COMSEC for the KPA and works in cooperation with the Classified Information Bureau. Within its role of COMSEC, the Communications Bureau probably exercises some control over the KPA’s growing computer networks and their ability to access the Internet. Subordinate to the Communications Bureau is the 9th Signals Brigade (a.k.a., 9th Communications Brigade) and a communications school. 28 Aside from overseeing all communications within the KPA, this unit apparently operates a nationwide SIGINT collection system and plays a role - along with the Reconnaissance Bureau and State Security Department -in the preparation of translations of foreign broadcasts. The Electronic Warfare Bureau, in coordination with the Communications Bureau and Reconnaissance Bureau’s Technical/Radio Department, probably oversees both offensive and defensive EW/EIW operations. The Electronic Warfare Bureau is believed to consist of a staff, the Electronic Warfare Institute, and a small number of SIGINT, EW, and EIW assets. 29 The Military Training Bureau conducts research and evaluates foreign combat operations through a small number of research institutes and “think tanks.” Because of this mission, it has wide-ranging access to uncensored and foreign information. While the primary focus of its mission is to prepare and train the KPA, its “think tanks” undoubtedly produce studies and 28 29 It is unclear whether the 9th Signals Brigade is still designated as such. Author interview data; “Ex-KPA Major Writes on DPRK Military Situation,” Pukhan, January 2000, pp. 86-93, as cited in FBIS; and “Future Electronic Warfare Discussed,” Nodong Sinmun, December 5, 1999, p. 6, as cited in FBIS. I-23
Page 1 and 2: INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES Nort
Page 3: INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES IDA
Page 7: CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & INTROD
Page 11 and 12: To write accurately about North Kor
Page 13: technocrats, provincial and county
Page 17: PREFACE This paper will examine in
Page 21: ABBREVIATIONS AGI CCSKA COMSEC DoD
Page 24 and 25: information streams, and from him t
Page 26 and 27: within the hands of a few individua
Page 28 and 29: and whether or not he will embarras
Page 30 and 31: to the lowest-levels of the KPA. As
Page 32 and 33: strengthening of all armed forces,
Page 34 and 35: esearch institutes and “think tan
Page 36 and 37: The primary missions of the Reconna
Page 38 and 39: communication that generally fall o
Page 40 and 41: of the State Security Department or
Page 42 and 43: maintaining strict control over the
Page 44 and 45: agencies in the ROK and Japan began
Page 48 and 49: eports that are funneled up through
Page 50 and 51: Complicating the entire “Kim-cent
Page 52 and 53: Within the military, this dynamic c
Page 54 and 55: him that all significant orders and
Page 56 and 57: Until the 1990s, the electronic med
Page 59: II. THE NORTH KOREAN LEADERSHIP: SY
Page 62 and 63: TABLES 1. Key Family Members in the
Page 64 and 65: The factional struggles in North Ko
Page 67 and 68: A. INTRODUCTION By definition, a to
Page 69 and 70: C. THE TECHNOLOGY OF POWER A Party
Page 71 and 72: document control bureaus in each mi
Page 73 and 74: Originally implemented in 1994 and
Page 75 and 76: Table II-1. Key Family Members in t
Page 77 and 78: of associates who trace their relat
Page 79 and 80: September 9, 2003, showed a change
Page 81 and 82: Chart II-2: Secretariat 5. Kye Ung-
Page 83 and 84: Members 1. Yi Ul-sul 4. Yi Yong-mu
Page 85 and 86: Table II-6. Kim Chong-il’s Princi
Page 87 and 88: Table II-7. Kim Chong-il’s Person
Page 89 and 90: chance to unfold. In terms of syste
Page 91 and 92: domestic policy arena, the split is
Page 93 and 94: At the second echelon of power, Kim
Page 95 and 96: D. FLOW OF INFORMATION George Kenna
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about things that affect their care
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(ID) and External Liaison (ELD) dep
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For the rest of the North Korean le
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the focus for not only a significan
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At the 11 th Supreme People’s Ass
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There is little doubt that one of t
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decision-making process. Moreover,
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III. THE WELL-INFORMED CADRE RALPH
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY DEFINITIONS AND A
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greater access to first-hand inform
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The first question addressed by thi
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But this lack of enthusiasm is prob
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as the 1950s. 16 The security organ
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Another way to look at divisions wi
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Because the Kim regime governs acco
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guess is that anyone who rises in t
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But even though the media serve as
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Newspapers The DPRK’s premier new
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motivation in its readers through m
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Page 2: • Kim Jong-suk’s develo
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This selection of news items presen
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in the wake of the U.S. propaganda
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the general audience in a two-step
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also countries surrounding the Kore
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that the war in Iraq was “a test
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and transform us internally through
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eceived with little thought and has
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outside world than the ordinary wor
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cognitive dissonance, particular ca
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IV. INSIDE NORTH KOREA’S BLACK BO
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The North Korean
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A. BETTER, MERRIER, MORE HOPEFUL LI
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In contrast, the optimists believe
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to the throne. The State Council us
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1976-1977, 4 and in 1986-1987 (see
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Bulgarian Trade Unions, after which
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Second, the principal objective of
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southward expansion, and, last but
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controlling some of North Korea’s
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also against the second-tier family
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Kim Sung-ae, who is Kim Il Sung’s
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“National Security Establishment
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October 1980. Many of them (Yon Hyo
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severe draught in 1988 and the dram
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The advent of the “Songun Era”
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IV-30
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Bearing in mind Kim Jong Il’s rec
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Table IV-2. Composition of the Nort
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Cabinet Posts 10 th SPA 11 th SPA R
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Eastern Europe. That was reportedly
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Table IV-5. Leading Ideologues Insi
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Table IV-7. Regional Origins of Top
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“Foreign Wind” The “foreign w
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Table IV-10. Some of the Most Influ
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Table IV-11. The North-South “Han
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Song Sok Hwan Vice-Minister Cha Sun
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Table IV-13. Korean-American “Int
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content and government monitoring.
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Northern security, military, and pa
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APPENDIX B TONGIL STREET FREE MARKE
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V. REACHING INTO NORTH KOREA DAVID
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY North Korea is no
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message right to Kim Jong-il, and m
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isk escape from the hermit kingdom.
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Society is divided into three broad
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contradictions.” 17 This makes se
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Internet is not specifically mentio
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led to a training program for young
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North Korea’s exports from legiti
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een the biggest buyers of ivory ove
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worker who travels throughout North
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If we want to reach into North Kore
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conversations with the correct mix
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Although the future of cellular tel
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There are a host of other things on
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Each of the five papers in this col
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promotions) and punishments (e.g.,
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although presumably all calls are m
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cultural rules.” Given the “str
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Speaking of Kim, whom does he consu
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Terms of Reference: North Korean Po
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Joseph S. Bermudez Jr. is an intern
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APPENDIX C ASIAN VIEWS OF NORTH KOR
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In any case, the reforms provide a
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View from Seoul The single most imp
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Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION
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