North Korean Policy Elites - Defense Technical Information Center

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Until the 1990s, the electronic media were divided into two systems, television and radio. During the late 1990s, KCNA established an Internet website and began releasing stories and announcements on a daily basis. The three principal television stations within the DPRK are Korean Central Television (KCTV), Mansudae TV, and Kaesong TV. The KCTV network is by far the largest and covers almost the entire nation. Its programming includes news, educational, and entertainment shows; however, it mimics the print media in praising Kim Chong-il, publicizing KWP policies and denouncing the ROK and the United States. Mansudae TV can be considered the cultural channel of the DPRK’s electronic media, as its primary programming is art and movie programs. It only broadcasts on weekends and special occasions in the P’yongyang area. Kaesong TV is used almost exclusively for propaganda broadcasts to the ROK. The leading radio station in the DPRK is the Korean Central Broadcasting Station (KCBS). Its broadcasts consist of domestic and foreign programs and can be heard in eight languages besides Korean. Programming is similar to the print media, although there are a larger percentage of press reports from the Korean Central News Agency and there are a number of programs for children and youth. Radio Pyongyang broadcasts to the ROK with programs extolling the virtues of Chuch’e, the superiority of the DPRK, criticisms of ROK society, etc. This station is under the direct control of the KWP’s Unification Front Department. In addition to these radio stations, there is the “Voice of National Salvation” (VNS) allegedly the clandestine radio station of the underground National Democratic Front (Hanminjon) broadcasting from somewhere within the ROK. In reality, its transmitter is in Haeju, and the “Chilbosan Liaison Office” - a component of the KWP’s intelligence system - manages the station. It broadcasts propaganda that is directed specifically towards ROK children and youth. The staff of the Chilbosan Liaison Station includes a high percentage of defectors from the ROK, a number of whom have permission to listen to ROK radio broadcasts and watch ROK television in order to become familiar with the words, customs, and popular feeling within the ROK, thereby making the VNS broadcasts more authentic. The Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) is the DPRK’s only press agency. On the surface, it generally functions like other press agencies, receiving foreign wire dispatches and conveying them to newspapers and radio stations, maintaining contracts with foreign news agencies, employing overseas correspondents, etc. In reality it focuses on publicizing the DPRK’s positions to the world and is under the same stringent censorship as all the other DPRK media outlets. I-A-2
Many people who live in cities and large towns are privileged to have apartments; these apartments have hard-wired public address speakers mounted in the central living space. A public address system broadcasts propaganda, political education programming, and public service announcements directly into people’s homes 18 hours a day. These speakers cannot be turned off or modified; to do so would result in extreme prison (i.e., detention camp) sentences and loss of a person’s apartment and privileges. I-A-3
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INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES Nort
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INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES IDA
Page 7: CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & INTROD
Page 11 and 12: To write accurately about North Kor
Page 13: technocrats, provincial and county
Page 17: PREFACE This paper will examine in
Page 21: ABBREVIATIONS AGI CCSKA COMSEC DoD
Page 24 and 25: information streams, and from him t
Page 26 and 27: within the hands of a few individua
Page 28 and 29: and whether or not he will embarras
Page 30 and 31: to the lowest-levels of the KPA. As
Page 32 and 33: strengthening of all armed forces,
Page 34 and 35: esearch institutes and “think tan
Page 36 and 37: The primary missions of the Reconna
Page 38 and 39: communication that generally fall o
Page 40 and 41: of the State Security Department or
Page 42 and 43: maintaining strict control over the
Page 44 and 45: agencies in the ROK and Japan began
Page 46 and 47: The Guard and Security Commands, wh
Page 48 and 49: eports that are funneled up through
Page 50 and 51: Complicating the entire “Kim-cent
Page 52 and 53: Within the military, this dynamic c
Page 54 and 55: him that all significant orders and
Page 59: II. THE NORTH KOREAN LEADERSHIP: SY
Page 62 and 63: TABLES 1. Key Family Members in the
Page 64 and 65: The factional struggles in North Ko
Page 67 and 68: A. INTRODUCTION By definition, a to
Page 69 and 70: C. THE TECHNOLOGY OF POWER A Party
Page 71 and 72: document control bureaus in each mi
Page 73 and 74: Originally implemented in 1994 and
Page 75 and 76: Table II-1. Key Family Members in t
Page 77 and 78: of associates who trace their relat
Page 79 and 80: September 9, 2003, showed a change
Page 81 and 82: Chart II-2: Secretariat 5. Kye Ung-
Page 83 and 84: Members 1. Yi Ul-sul 4. Yi Yong-mu
Page 85 and 86: Table II-6. Kim Chong-il’s Princi
Page 87 and 88: Table II-7. Kim Chong-il’s Person
Page 89 and 90: chance to unfold. In terms of syste
Page 91 and 92: domestic policy arena, the split is
Page 93 and 94: At the second echelon of power, Kim
Page 95 and 96: D. FLOW OF INFORMATION George Kenna
Page 97 and 98: about things that affect their care
Page 99 and 100: (ID) and External Liaison (ELD) dep
Page 101 and 102: For the rest of the North Korean le
Page 103 and 104: the focus for not only a significan
Page 105 and 106: At the 11 th Supreme People’s Ass
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There is little doubt that one of t
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decision-making process. Moreover,
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III. THE WELL-INFORMED CADRE RALPH
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY DEFINITIONS AND A
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greater access to first-hand inform
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The first question addressed by thi
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But this lack of enthusiasm is prob
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as the 1950s. 16 The security organ
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Another way to look at divisions wi
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Because the Kim regime governs acco
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guess is that anyone who rises in t
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But even though the media serve as
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Newspapers The DPRK’s premier new
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motivation in its readers through m
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Page 2: • Kim Jong-suk’s develo
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This selection of news items presen
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in the wake of the U.S. propaganda
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the general audience in a two-step
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also countries surrounding the Kore
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that the war in Iraq was “a test
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and transform us internally through
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eceived with little thought and has
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outside world than the ordinary wor
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cognitive dissonance, particular ca
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IV. INSIDE NORTH KOREA’S BLACK BO
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The North Korean
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A. BETTER, MERRIER, MORE HOPEFUL LI
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In contrast, the optimists believe
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to the throne. The State Council us
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1976-1977, 4 and in 1986-1987 (see
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Bulgarian Trade Unions, after which
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Second, the principal objective of
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southward expansion, and, last but
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controlling some of North Korea’s
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also against the second-tier family
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Kim Sung-ae, who is Kim Il Sung’s
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“National Security Establishment
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October 1980. Many of them (Yon Hyo
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severe draught in 1988 and the dram
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The advent of the “Songun Era”
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IV-30
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Bearing in mind Kim Jong Il’s rec
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Table IV-2. Composition of the Nort
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Cabinet Posts 10 th SPA 11 th SPA R
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Eastern Europe. That was reportedly
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Table IV-5. Leading Ideologues Insi
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Table IV-7. Regional Origins of Top
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“Foreign Wind” The “foreign w
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Table IV-10. Some of the Most Influ
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Table IV-11. The North-South “Han
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Song Sok Hwan Vice-Minister Cha Sun
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Table IV-13. Korean-American “Int
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content and government monitoring.
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Northern security, military, and pa
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APPENDIX B TONGIL STREET FREE MARKE
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V. REACHING INTO NORTH KOREA DAVID
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY North Korea is no
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message right to Kim Jong-il, and m
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isk escape from the hermit kingdom.
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Society is divided into three broad
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contradictions.” 17 This makes se
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Internet is not specifically mentio
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led to a training program for young
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North Korea’s exports from legiti
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een the biggest buyers of ivory ove
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worker who travels throughout North
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If we want to reach into North Kore
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conversations with the correct mix
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Although the future of cellular tel
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There are a host of other things on
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Each of the five papers in this col
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promotions) and punishments (e.g.,
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although presumably all calls are m
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cultural rules.” Given the “str
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Speaking of Kim, whom does he consu
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Terms of Reference: North Korean Po
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Joseph S. Bermudez Jr. is an intern
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APPENDIX C ASIAN VIEWS OF NORTH KOR
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In any case, the reforms provide a
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View from Seoul The single most imp
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