North Korean Policy Elites - Defense Technical Information Center

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Eastern Europe. That was reportedly the only foreign trip that he made. But, Pak Pong-Ju’s connection to the “Prague group” and specifically to Yon Hyun Muk, who occupies the third place after Kim Jong Il and Cho Myong-Rok at the National Defense Commission, apparently survived over time and seems to have propelled him to the prime-minister’s seat in Pyongyang today. Pak Pong-Ju represents the 3rd generation of technocrats. He probably wields little real power inside Kim Jong Il’s court, in contrast to his very influential predecessors and mentors. In general, educational background seems to be a traditionally important factor in determining the individual inclinations, group loyalties, and policy predispositions of the North Korean elites. Table 4 shows where some of the main players received their education. Table IV-4. Educational Background of the DPRK Elites Mangyondae School Kim Il Sung University Soviet Moscow State University PRC Yunan Military Academy Ch’oe T’ae-bok Chae Hee-jong Chae Hee-jong Ch’oe Yong-gon (deceased) Cho Myong-rok Hong Song Nam Hwang Jang-yop (graduate of 1953) Chon Mun-sop (deceased) Ch’oe Yong-rim Ch’oe Yong-rim Ch’oe Yong-rim Kim Ch’ol-man Chon Byong-ho Chon Byong-ho Chon Byong-ho Kim Gwang-hyop (deceased) Hyon Jun-guk Kang Hyon-Su Hyun Jun-guk Kye Ung-tae Kang Sung-san Kim Gi-nam Kim Ch’aek (deceased) Ri Jong-ok (deceased) Kim Du-nam Kim Gyong-hee Kim Du-nam (Soviet Military Academy, graduate of 1963) Paek Hak-rim IV-38
Table IV-4. Educational Background of the DPRK Elites (continued) Mangyondae School Kim Il Sung University Soviet Moscow State University PRC Yunan Military Academy Kim Guk-tae Kim Hwan Kim Guk-tae Park Song-ch’ol (Soviet Military Academy, graduate of 1963) Kim Il Chol Kim Jong Il Kim Yong-ju Yun Gi-bok (deceased) Kim Jong Il Kim Yong Nam Kim Yong Nam (1954) Oh Guk-ryol Soh Yun-sok Oh Guk-ryol (Soviet Air Force Academy) Soh Yun-sok Kim Yong-sun Kim Yong-sun (deceased) Yong Hyon Muk Yong Hyon Muk Kim Yun Hyok (Leningrad Politechnical University) Kye Ung Tae Li Ul Sol (Soviet Military Academy) Pak Nam-gi (Leningrad Politechnical University) Yang Hyong Sop Yang Hyong Sop Yun Gi-bok (deceased) In contrast to technocrats, who tend to be rather pragmatic and progressive in their thinking, the leading ideologues of the current North Korean regime differ widely in their views: from conservative to moderate-conservative to moderate-progressive to progressive. Some of them actually stand behind Kim Jong Il’s call for “new thinking” and demonstrate some proclivity for innovative approaches and ideas, whereas others are still aligned with the “old guard” and generally are regarded as the guardians of the revolutionary traditions, proponents of conservative thinking, and defenders of the unified Juch’e party line (see Table 5). “Local Elites” The “local elites” represent the voices of the provincial and county administrative and party bosses, as well as local military commanders. These local officials have their own parochial interests and try to shield themselves from political winds in Pyongyang. Table 6 lists some of the most influential local leaders whose opinions are taken seriously in Pyongyang. IV-39
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INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES Nort
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INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES IDA
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CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & INTROD
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To write accurately about North Kor
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technocrats, provincial and county
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PREFACE This paper will examine in
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ABBREVIATIONS AGI CCSKA COMSEC DoD
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information streams, and from him t
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within the hands of a few individua
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and whether or not he will embarras
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to the lowest-levels of the KPA. As
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strengthening of all armed forces,
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esearch institutes and “think tan
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The primary missions of the Reconna
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communication that generally fall o
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of the State Security Department or
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maintaining strict control over the
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agencies in the ROK and Japan began
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The Guard and Security Commands, wh
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eports that are funneled up through
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Complicating the entire “Kim-cent
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Within the military, this dynamic c
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him that all significant orders and
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Until the 1990s, the electronic med
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II. THE NORTH KOREAN LEADERSHIP: SY
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TABLES 1. Key Family Members in the
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The factional struggles in North Ko
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A. INTRODUCTION By definition, a to
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C. THE TECHNOLOGY OF POWER A Party
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document control bureaus in each mi
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Originally implemented in 1994 and
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Table II-1. Key Family Members in t
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of associates who trace their relat
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September 9, 2003, showed a change
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Chart II-2: Secretariat 5. Kye Ung-
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Members 1. Yi Ul-sul 4. Yi Yong-mu
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Table II-6. Kim Chong-il’s Princi
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Table II-7. Kim Chong-il’s Person
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chance to unfold. In terms of syste
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domestic policy arena, the split is
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At the second echelon of power, Kim
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D. FLOW OF INFORMATION George Kenna
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about things that affect their care
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(ID) and External Liaison (ELD) dep
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For the rest of the North Korean le
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the focus for not only a significan
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At the 11 th Supreme People’s Ass
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There is little doubt that one of t
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decision-making process. Moreover,
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III. THE WELL-INFORMED CADRE RALPH
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY DEFINITIONS AND A
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greater access to first-hand inform
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The first question addressed by thi
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But this lack of enthusiasm is prob
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as the 1950s. 16 The security organ
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Another way to look at divisions wi
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Because the Kim regime governs acco
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guess is that anyone who rises in t
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But even though the media serve as
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Newspapers The DPRK’s premier new
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motivation in its readers through m
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Page 2: • Kim Jong-suk’s develo
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This selection of news items presen
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in the wake of the U.S. propaganda
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the general audience in a two-step
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also countries surrounding the Kore
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that the war in Iraq was “a test
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and transform us internally through
Page 152 and 153: eceived with little thought and has
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Page 159: IV. INSIDE NORTH KOREA’S BLACK BO
Page 163 and 164: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The North Korean
Page 165 and 166: A. BETTER, MERRIER, MORE HOPEFUL LI
Page 167 and 168: In contrast, the optimists believe
Page 169 and 170: to the throne. The State Council us
Page 171 and 172: 1976-1977, 4 and in 1986-1987 (see
Page 173 and 174: Bulgarian Trade Unions, after which
Page 175 and 176: Second, the principal objective of
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Page 181 and 182: also against the second-tier family
Page 183 and 184: Kim Sung-ae, who is Kim Il Sung’s
Page 185 and 186: “National Security Establishment
Page 187 and 188: October 1980. Many of them (Yon Hyo
Page 189 and 190: severe draught in 1988 and the dram
Page 192 and 193: The advent of the “Songun Era”
Page 194 and 195: IV-30
Page 196 and 197: Bearing in mind Kim Jong Il’s rec
Page 198 and 199: Table IV-2. Composition of the Nort
Page 200 and 201: Cabinet Posts 10 th SPA 11 th SPA R
Page 204 and 205: Table IV-5. Leading Ideologues Insi
Page 206 and 207: Table IV-7. Regional Origins of Top
Page 208 and 209: “Foreign Wind” The “foreign w
Page 210 and 211: Table IV-10. Some of the Most Influ
Page 212 and 213: Table IV-11. The North-South “Han
Page 214 and 215: Song Sok Hwan Vice-Minister Cha Sun
Page 216 and 217: Table IV-13. Korean-American “Int
Page 218 and 219: content and government monitoring.
Page 220 and 221: Northern security, military, and pa
Page 223: APPENDIX B TONGIL STREET FREE MARKE
Page 227: V. REACHING INTO NORTH KOREA DAVID
Page 231 and 232: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY North Korea is no
Page 233: message right to Kim Jong-il, and m
Page 236 and 237: isk escape from the hermit kingdom.
Page 238 and 239: Society is divided into three broad
Page 240 and 241: contradictions.” 17 This makes se
Page 242 and 243: Internet is not specifically mentio
Page 244 and 245: led to a training program for young
Page 246 and 247: North Korea’s exports from legiti
Page 248 and 249: een the biggest buyers of ivory ove
Page 250 and 251: worker who travels throughout North
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If we want to reach into North Kore
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conversations with the correct mix
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Although the future of cellular tel
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There are a host of other things on
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Each of the five papers in this col
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promotions) and punishments (e.g.,
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although presumably all calls are m
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cultural rules.” Given the “str
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Speaking of Kim, whom does he consu
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Terms of Reference: North Korean Po
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Joseph S. Bermudez Jr. is an intern
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APPENDIX C ASIAN VIEWS OF NORTH KOR
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In any case, the reforms provide a
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View from Seoul The single most imp
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