North Korean Policy Elites - Defense Technical Information Center

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strengthening of all armed forces, including the People’s Army, as well as the programs of developing the war industry, and commands the army.” The Central Military Committee leadership is centered on the members of the National Defense Commission. It is headed by Marshal Kim Chong-il in his position as Supreme Commander of the KPA. Other members include: Marshal Li Ul-sol (Director of the Guard Command); Vice Marshal Cho Myong-rok (Chief of the General Political Bureau); Vice Marshal Kim Yong-ch’un (Chief of the General Staff); Paek Hak-rim (Minister of Public Security); Vice Marshal Kim Ik-hyon (Chief of People’s Defense); Vice Marshal Kim Il-ch’ol (Minister of People’s Armed Forces); Vice Marshal Li Ha-il; Vice Marshal Pak Ki-so (Commander of the P’yongyang Defense Command); Vice Marshal Li Du-ik; General Oh Ryong-bang (Vice Minister of People’s Armed Forces); Colonel General Yo Ch’un-sok (Vice Minister of People’s Armed Forces); General Kim Myong-guk; General Kim Du-nam; and Li Yong-chol. The officers of the Central Military Committee who are not members of the National Defense Commission form a second tier within the military elite. 8 The Organization and Guidance Department, under the directorship of Chang Song-taek, Kim Chong-il’s brother-in-law, is one of 22 departments comprising the KWP’s Secretariat. In reality, it is the most powerful organization within the KWP and provides guidance to all KWP, Cabinet, and National Defense Commission organizations through personnel management, supervising the activities of subordinate political departments, and conducting political surveillance and investigations. In pursuing its mission, the Organization and Guidance Department generally concerns itself with individuals at the provincial secretary level or higher within the KWP, vice director and above within the Cabinet, and general grade officers and above within the National Defense Commission and MPAF. 9 While directly subordinate to the National Defense Commission since September 2000, the General Political Bureau is actually controlled by the KWP’s powerful Organization and Guidance Department. The General Political Bureau is responsible for ensuring the political reliability and for exercising political control of the KPA. It does so through the organization of party committees and front organizations throughout the KPA hierarchy, the placement of KWP members in key positions, the planning of political indoctrination, and the supervision of affairs by assistant political commanders and political departments. 8 9 Precise details as to how recent changes within the DPRK have affected membership in the Central Military Committee and Organization and Guidance Department are presently lacking. “Newspaper Profiles Kim Chong-il’s Supporters,” pp. 421-439. I-8
Ministry of People’s Armed Forces 10 The Minister of the People’s Armed Forces is the National Defense Commission’s officer directly responsible for the KPA. Operational and administrative control of the KPA is exercised through the Chief of the General Staff. Directly subordinate to the MPAF are the Cadre Bureau, General Rear Services Bureau, General Staff Department, Guard Command, Representative Mission at Panmunjom, Military Justice Bureau, Military Prosecution Bureau, and Security Command. The General Staff Department exercises administrative and operational control over the KPA ground forces, Korean People’s Air Force (KPAF), Korean People’s Navy (KPN), Workers’-Peasants’ Red Guard, and Paramilitary Training Units. It is roughly equivalent to the ROK Joint Chiefs of Staff. The General Staff Department is staffed by officers and enlisted personnel from all the branches and is responsible for organizing, training, and equipping, as well as planning and executing all operations within the KPA. Subordinate to the General Staff Department are 24 known bureaus, and a number of military academies, universities, and research institutes. A number of these bureaus are directly involved in the processing of information and intelligence for the military elite. The most important of these bureaus are the Classified Information Bureau, Communications Bureau, Electronic Warfare Bureau, Military Training Bureau, and Reconnaissance Bureau. The level of computerization, and thus potential to access the Internet, within these bureaus is believed to be generally higher than that found in other bureaus of the General Staff Department. The Classified Information Bureau is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the production, transmission, and storage of classified information within the KPA, including planning and inspection, encryption, and decryption. The Communications Bureau is responsible for the administration and operation of all communications within the KPA and presumably provides support to the National Defense Commission in cooperation with the State Security Department. The Electronic Warfare Bureau is responsible for the administration and training of all Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) and electronic warfare (EW)/electronic information warfare (EIW) assets within the KPA. The Military Training Bureau is responsible for education and training within the KPA, including that at military schools and academies. In fulfilling its mission, it conducts research and evaluates foreign combat operations through a small number of 10 Author interview data; “Role of Political Organs in Military Examined,” pp. B1-B6; “Journal Views DPRK’s Military Organization,” pp. 30-31; “Defector Says KPA Under ‘Complete Control’ of Kim Chong-il,” p. 20; “Channels and Means of Control of the Workers’ Party to Control the People’s Army,” pp. 32-41; “Organization, Officers of Korean People’s Army,” Pukhanui Kigwan Mit Tanchaebyol Inmyongjip, April 1988, pp. 93-99, as cited in JPRS-KAR-88-018; and Kin Motoyoshi, “DPRK Military Structure,” Gunji Kenkyu, March 1986, pp. 196-205, as cited in JPRS-KAR-85-O45. I-9
Page 1 and 2: INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES Nort
Page 3: INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES IDA
Page 7: CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & INTROD
Page 11 and 12: To write accurately about North Kor
Page 13: technocrats, provincial and county
Page 17: PREFACE This paper will examine in
Page 21: ABBREVIATIONS AGI CCSKA COMSEC DoD
Page 24 and 25: information streams, and from him t
Page 26 and 27: within the hands of a few individua
Page 28 and 29: and whether or not he will embarras
Page 30 and 31: to the lowest-levels of the KPA. As
Page 34 and 35: esearch institutes and “think tan
Page 36 and 37: The primary missions of the Reconna
Page 38 and 39: communication that generally fall o
Page 40 and 41: of the State Security Department or
Page 42 and 43: maintaining strict control over the
Page 44 and 45: agencies in the ROK and Japan began
Page 46 and 47: The Guard and Security Commands, wh
Page 48 and 49: eports that are funneled up through
Page 50 and 51: Complicating the entire “Kim-cent
Page 52 and 53: Within the military, this dynamic c
Page 54 and 55: him that all significant orders and
Page 56 and 57: Until the 1990s, the electronic med
Page 59: II. THE NORTH KOREAN LEADERSHIP: SY
Page 62 and 63: TABLES 1. Key Family Members in the
Page 64 and 65: The factional struggles in North Ko
Page 67 and 68: A. INTRODUCTION By definition, a to
Page 69 and 70: C. THE TECHNOLOGY OF POWER A Party
Page 71 and 72: document control bureaus in each mi
Page 73 and 74: Originally implemented in 1994 and
Page 75 and 76: Table II-1. Key Family Members in t
Page 77 and 78: of associates who trace their relat
Page 79 and 80: September 9, 2003, showed a change
Page 81 and 82: Chart II-2: Secretariat 5. Kye Ung-
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Members 1. Yi Ul-sul 4. Yi Yong-mu
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Table II-6. Kim Chong-il’s Princi
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Table II-7. Kim Chong-il’s Person
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chance to unfold. In terms of syste
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domestic policy arena, the split is
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At the second echelon of power, Kim
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D. FLOW OF INFORMATION George Kenna
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about things that affect their care
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(ID) and External Liaison (ELD) dep
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For the rest of the North Korean le
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the focus for not only a significan
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At the 11 th Supreme People’s Ass
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There is little doubt that one of t
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decision-making process. Moreover,
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III. THE WELL-INFORMED CADRE RALPH
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY DEFINITIONS AND A
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greater access to first-hand inform
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The first question addressed by thi
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But this lack of enthusiasm is prob
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as the 1950s. 16 The security organ
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Another way to look at divisions wi
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Because the Kim regime governs acco
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guess is that anyone who rises in t
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But even though the media serve as
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Newspapers The DPRK’s premier new
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motivation in its readers through m
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Page 2: • Kim Jong-suk’s develo
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This selection of news items presen
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in the wake of the U.S. propaganda
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the general audience in a two-step
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also countries surrounding the Kore
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that the war in Iraq was “a test
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and transform us internally through
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eceived with little thought and has
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outside world than the ordinary wor
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cognitive dissonance, particular ca
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IV. INSIDE NORTH KOREA’S BLACK BO
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The North Korean
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A. BETTER, MERRIER, MORE HOPEFUL LI
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In contrast, the optimists believe
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to the throne. The State Council us
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1976-1977, 4 and in 1986-1987 (see
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Bulgarian Trade Unions, after which
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Second, the principal objective of
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southward expansion, and, last but
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controlling some of North Korea’s
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also against the second-tier family
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Kim Sung-ae, who is Kim Il Sung’s
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“National Security Establishment
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October 1980. Many of them (Yon Hyo
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severe draught in 1988 and the dram
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The advent of the “Songun Era”
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IV-30
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Bearing in mind Kim Jong Il’s rec
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Table IV-2. Composition of the Nort
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Cabinet Posts 10 th SPA 11 th SPA R
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Eastern Europe. That was reportedly
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Table IV-5. Leading Ideologues Insi
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Table IV-7. Regional Origins of Top
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“Foreign Wind” The “foreign w
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Table IV-10. Some of the Most Influ
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Table IV-11. The North-South “Han
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Song Sok Hwan Vice-Minister Cha Sun
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Table IV-13. Korean-American “Int
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content and government monitoring.
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Northern security, military, and pa
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APPENDIX B TONGIL STREET FREE MARKE
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V. REACHING INTO NORTH KOREA DAVID
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY North Korea is no
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message right to Kim Jong-il, and m
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isk escape from the hermit kingdom.
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Society is divided into three broad
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contradictions.” 17 This makes se
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Internet is not specifically mentio
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led to a training program for young
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North Korea’s exports from legiti
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een the biggest buyers of ivory ove
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worker who travels throughout North
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If we want to reach into North Kore
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conversations with the correct mix
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Although the future of cellular tel
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There are a host of other things on
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Each of the five papers in this col
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promotions) and punishments (e.g.,
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although presumably all calls are m
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cultural rules.” Given the “str
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Speaking of Kim, whom does he consu
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Terms of Reference: North Korean Po
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Joseph S. Bermudez Jr. is an intern
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APPENDIX C ASIAN VIEWS OF NORTH KOR
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In any case, the reforms provide a
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View from Seoul The single most imp
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