North Korean Policy Elites - Defense Technical Information Center

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motivation in its readers through moderately interesting essays, travel articles, poems, and the like. Electronic Communication Channels For many North Koreans, television sets and radios are luxury items. There may be only about four million radios and one or two million television sets in the country. In Pyongyang, one household in three may have a television; in the countryside, only one in 30 or 40 homes. 46 North Korean radios are fixed to receive only the broadcast frequency of KCBS, with transmitters throughout the country. 47 Computers are scarcer still. In Pyongyang, an Internet cafe opened in August 2002, but the prices for a connection to the outside world by way of China (optical cable to Shanghai via Sinuiju) are too expensive for most North Koreans; in any case, computer use is closely monitored by the authorities. 48 Kim Jong-il is known to be an avid web surfer, and a select number of scientists and officials may also have access to the Internet. The Kwangmyong [brightness] intranet was set up in 2000 to link major cities and organizations. 49 It is presumably on this network that the Nodong Sinmun home page is located. A few other, more localized intranets are also said to operate. An ROK source reports that, beginning in May 2003, international email service has been provided on a highly restricted basis by the “International Communications Department” in Pyongyang. 50 Before that, the “Silibank” web site (http://www.silibank.com) is said to have provided email service to foreign addresses by way of a server in Shenyang, China. 51 KCBS carries more domestic news and less international news than KCNA provides to the international audience. The three television stations are Korean Central Television (KCTV), offering news and other programming on weekday evenings and during the weekend, Mansudae Television, providing entertainment programs on weekends and holidays, and Korean Educational and Cultural Television, broadcasting educational programs three hours a day during the week, and longer on weekends. The so-called “third broadcasting” network consists of local cable hook-ups to homes, public buildings, and loudspeakers in public spaces, over which local instructions and news are delivered (for example, instructions on how to behave before a scheduled VIP visit to the town). 46 Yonhap News Agency, North Korea Handbook. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2003, p. 409. 47 Radio and TV information in this section is summarized from Yonhap’s North Korea Handbook, pp. 422-423. 48 FBIS compiled report, November 24, 2003. FBIS KPP20031124000116. 49 Ibid. Also, Yonhap’s North Korea Handbook, pp. 244-245. 50 Kim In, “North Korea Sets up International E-Mail Server,” Chosun Ilbo, November 28, 2003, Internet version. FBIS KPP20031128000177. 51 Ibid. Also, FBIS compiled report, November 7, 2003. FBIS KPP20031107000090. III-18
For comparison purposes, here are the major news stories carried by the KCNA web site, Nodong Sinmun, KCBS, and KCTV on December 18, 2003. 52 KCNA • The president of Bangladesh sends greetings to Kim Jong-il on the 30 th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations. • South Koreans rally against sending troops to fight in Iraq. • The ROK’s GNP opposition party members are characterized as thieves for allegedly engaging in corruption. • Regulations are issued for doing business in the proposed Kaesong free-trade zone. • Regulations for entry, stay, and residence are issued for the Kaesong zone. • Customs regulations are issued for the Kaesong zone. • China’s ambassador to Pyongyang hosts a reception and predicts a brilliant future for China-DPRK relations. • Kim Jong-il sends a reply to the president of Bangladesh. • Japan is criticized for planning to send troops to Iraq. • People of the world are urged to frustrate the imperialists’ globalization initiatives. • SPA president Kim Yong-nam sends greetings to the king of Bahrain on the country’s founding day. • Recent successes of DPRK sports teams in international competitions are applauded. • Greetings are sent to the president of Nigeria on the 45 th anniversary of the republic. • In Pyongyang, a film about Kim Jong-il is shown to foreign diplomats on the occasion of the 12 th anniversary of Kim’s appointment as KPA supreme commander and the 86 th anniversary of the birth of his mother, Kim Jong-suk. • U.S. legislation sanctioning Syria is said to be part of a campaign to intimidate independent states. • A friendly gathering of North Korean and Chinese youth league representatives is held. Nodong Sinmun Page 1: • Kim thanks managers and workers for supporting the army. • People in various countries deeply study the classic works of Kim Jong-il. • The DPRK’s achievements in various fields are celebrated. 52 KCNA from http://www.kcna.co.jp/index-e.htm (Past News); Nodong Sinmun from FBIS KPP20031219000043; KCBS from FBIS KPP20031218000122; KCTV from FBIS KPP20031218000094. III-19
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INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES Nort
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INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES IDA
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CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & INTROD
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To write accurately about North Kor
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technocrats, provincial and county
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PREFACE This paper will examine in
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ABBREVIATIONS AGI CCSKA COMSEC DoD
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information streams, and from him t
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within the hands of a few individua
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and whether or not he will embarras
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to the lowest-levels of the KPA. As
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strengthening of all armed forces,
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esearch institutes and “think tan
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The primary missions of the Reconna
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communication that generally fall o
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of the State Security Department or
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maintaining strict control over the
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agencies in the ROK and Japan began
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The Guard and Security Commands, wh
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eports that are funneled up through
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Complicating the entire “Kim-cent
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Within the military, this dynamic c
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him that all significant orders and
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Until the 1990s, the electronic med
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II. THE NORTH KOREAN LEADERSHIP: SY
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TABLES 1. Key Family Members in the
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The factional struggles in North Ko
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A. INTRODUCTION By definition, a to
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C. THE TECHNOLOGY OF POWER A Party
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document control bureaus in each mi
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Originally implemented in 1994 and
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Table II-1. Key Family Members in t
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of associates who trace their relat
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September 9, 2003, showed a change
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Chart II-2: Secretariat 5. Kye Ung-
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Members 1. Yi Ul-sul 4. Yi Yong-mu
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Page 89 and 90: chance to unfold. In terms of syste
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Page 95 and 96: D. FLOW OF INFORMATION George Kenna
Page 97 and 98: about things that affect their care
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Page 101 and 102: For the rest of the North Korean le
Page 103 and 104: the focus for not only a significan
Page 105 and 106: At the 11 th Supreme People’s Ass
Page 107 and 108: There is little doubt that one of t
Page 109 and 110: decision-making process. Moreover,
Page 111: III. THE WELL-INFORMED CADRE RALPH
Page 115 and 116: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY DEFINITIONS AND A
Page 117: greater access to first-hand inform
Page 120 and 121: The first question addressed by thi
Page 122 and 123: But this lack of enthusiasm is prob
Page 124 and 125: as the 1950s. 16 The security organ
Page 126 and 127: Another way to look at divisions wi
Page 128 and 129: Because the Kim regime governs acco
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Page 132 and 133: But even though the media serve as
Page 134 and 135: Newspapers The DPRK’s premier new
Page 138 and 139: Page 2: • Kim Jong-suk’s develo
Page 140 and 141: This selection of news items presen
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Page 146 and 147: also countries surrounding the Kore
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Page 152 and 153: eceived with little thought and has
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Page 156 and 157: cognitive dissonance, particular ca
Page 159: IV. INSIDE NORTH KOREA’S BLACK BO
Page 163 and 164: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The North Korean
Page 165 and 166: A. BETTER, MERRIER, MORE HOPEFUL LI
Page 167 and 168: In contrast, the optimists believe
Page 169 and 170: to the throne. The State Council us
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Page 175 and 176: Second, the principal objective of
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Page 181 and 182: also against the second-tier family
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October 1980. Many of them (Yon Hyo
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severe draught in 1988 and the dram
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The advent of the “Songun Era”
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IV-30
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Bearing in mind Kim Jong Il’s rec
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Table IV-2. Composition of the Nort
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Cabinet Posts 10 th SPA 11 th SPA R
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Eastern Europe. That was reportedly
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Table IV-5. Leading Ideologues Insi
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Table IV-7. Regional Origins of Top
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“Foreign Wind” The “foreign w
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Table IV-10. Some of the Most Influ
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Table IV-11. The North-South “Han
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Song Sok Hwan Vice-Minister Cha Sun
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Table IV-13. Korean-American “Int
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content and government monitoring.
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Northern security, military, and pa
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APPENDIX B TONGIL STREET FREE MARKE
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V. REACHING INTO NORTH KOREA DAVID
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY North Korea is no
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message right to Kim Jong-il, and m
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isk escape from the hermit kingdom.
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Society is divided into three broad
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contradictions.” 17 This makes se
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Internet is not specifically mentio
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led to a training program for young
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North Korea’s exports from legiti
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een the biggest buyers of ivory ove
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worker who travels throughout North
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If we want to reach into North Kore
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conversations with the correct mix
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Although the future of cellular tel
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There are a host of other things on
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Each of the five papers in this col
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promotions) and punishments (e.g.,
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although presumably all calls are m
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cultural rules.” Given the “str
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Speaking of Kim, whom does he consu
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Terms of Reference: North Korean Po
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Joseph S. Bermudez Jr. is an intern
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APPENDIX C ASIAN VIEWS OF NORTH KOR
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In any case, the reforms provide a
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View from Seoul The single most imp
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Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION
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