North Korean Policy Elites - Defense Technical Information Center

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Below are some of the general trading corporations - so-called foreign currency-earning companies - and the bureaucracies they serve. These companies offer 30 percent of their annual budget to the KWP CC’s Office 39 each year, in the name of foreign currency earned for “loyalty.” 77 General Trading Corporation Patron Organization Maebong General Trading Corporation Unha General Trading Corporation Samch’olli General Corporation Unbyol Trading Company Kumnung Trading Corporation Ministry of People’s Armed Forces Administration Council’s Light Industry Committee Administration Council’s External Economic Committee WPK Central Committee’s League of Socialist Working Youth of Korea Ministry of Machine Industry These ventures, however, are very risky because they can attract allegations of corruption and foreign espionage and can be used by the regime as a convenient excuse to purge officials who have fallen out of favor. There is little doubt that Kim Chong-il’s apparatus knows about these independent operations and can make use of them or destroy them if they become a threat. 78 Efforts to Close Down Independent Channels of Information Kim Chong-il on occasion has taken steps to close down independent channels of information to the senior leadership. Unlike efforts to restrict internal information flow, such as the institution of a comprehensive information management plan, access to external information has been restricted through purges and demotions. • The 1993 coup led to Kim Chong-il’s strategy, which has been resurrected several times since, to curb the elite’s access to the outside world. After putting down the coup attempt, Kim issued a special order to have all military officers, technicians, and scientists who had studied in the Soviet Union confined to hard labor for three years. In addition, he recalled all students studying in Russia and Eastern Europe. Finally, he retired all North Korean military officers below the age of 50 who had studied in the Soviet Union. 79 77 U Chong-ch’ang, “ROK Monthly on DPRK Kim Chong-il’s Slush Fund Deposits in Swiss Banks,” Seoul, Wolgan Choson (November 1, 2000), FBIS translation KPP20001019000046. 78 Such a purification campaign took place in the late 1990s when several North Korean economic officials were purged for espionage related to their dealings with South Korea. It is rumored that some officials form alliances with security agencies to thwart the monitoring system. Discussion with North Korean analysts at the Korean Institute for National Unification, December 2003. 79 In addition to the retirements, over 300 high-ranking officers with contacts to the Soviet Union were allegedly executed between 1992 and 1994. According to one North Korean defector, the Soviet Union had actively sought II-40
There is little doubt that one of the lessons Kim Chong-il learned from this incident was the danger of outside influence on elite politics. • In 1997, following the execution of KWP Secretary So Kwan-hui, a number of Kim Ilsung Socialist Youth League officials were executed as spies for accepting money from South Korean companies. Even Chang Song-taek was implicated in the scandal, but received light punishment because of his relationship to Kim Chong-il. • In 1998, several cadres closely associated with North Korean foreign policy failed to win nominations as candidates for the SPA. While the reason for this purge is not clear, it did result in the demotion of numerous cadres who had special outside knowledge of peninsula affairs, as well as diplomatic affairs in general. Among those who were affected by this purge included Chon Kum-chol (Vice Chairman of the Committee for Peaceful Unification of the Fatherland), Im Chun-kil (member of the SPA’s Unification Policy Committee), Kwon Hui-kyong (director, KWP CC’s External Information Collection Department), Yi Chang-son (former director, KWP CC’s Social and Cultural Department), Chong Tu-hwan (Chairman, Fatherland Front), Chon Sin-hyok (Deputy Chairman, Fatherland Front), Hyon Chun-kuk (director, KWP CC’s International Department), Pak Kil-yon (Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs), and Son Song-pil (former Ambassador to Russia). 80 • While the circumstances surrounding Kim Yong-sun’s death are still not clear, it closes down a significant independent pipeline of information into the senior leadership. Kim Yong-sun’s patronage system and network of contacts within the elite were extensive. Many of these elites, such as Kim Chong-il’s sister, Kim Kyong-hui, and mistress, Ko Yong-hui, relied on this relationship for information and foreign goods. 81 E. CONCLUSION The long-term survival of the Kim Chong-il regime will be determined by Kim’s ability to control the North Korean elite. Kim Il-sung was able to control the ruling circle through a vertical division of labor - the Leader ruled the party, and the party controlled the state and the army. Kim Chong-il dismantled this practice and has been trying to directly control the ruling troika and the individual power elites. Relying on a strategy of divide-and-rule and internally restricting the flow of information, he has been able to maintain his grip on the regime. But, this strategy has the tendency to create cleavages, which will increasingly make it difficult to manage all the power groups/elites. As pressure on the regime grows, three factors will be critical: legitimacy, system vulnerabilities, and warlordism. to create a pro-Soviet organization within the KPA in the 1980s. This plan was exposed after the fall of the Soviet Union. 80 “Analysis of the Results of the 10th SPA Deputies Election,” Seoul Naewoe T'ongs (July 31, 1998). 81 Kim’s relationship with Kim Kyong-hui is discussed in Hwang Chang-yop’s memoirs, op. cit. II-41
Page 1 and 2:
INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES Nort
Page 3:
INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES IDA
Page 7:
CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & INTROD
Page 11 and 12:
To write accurately about North Kor
Page 13:
technocrats, provincial and county
Page 17:
PREFACE This paper will examine in
Page 21:
ABBREVIATIONS AGI CCSKA COMSEC DoD
Page 24 and 25:
information streams, and from him t
Page 26 and 27:
within the hands of a few individua
Page 28 and 29:
and whether or not he will embarras
Page 30 and 31:
to the lowest-levels of the KPA. As
Page 32 and 33:
strengthening of all armed forces,
Page 34 and 35:
esearch institutes and “think tan
Page 36 and 37:
The primary missions of the Reconna
Page 38 and 39:
communication that generally fall o
Page 40 and 41:
of the State Security Department or
Page 42 and 43:
maintaining strict control over the
Page 44 and 45:
agencies in the ROK and Japan began
Page 46 and 47:
The Guard and Security Commands, wh
Page 48 and 49:
eports that are funneled up through
Page 50 and 51:
Complicating the entire “Kim-cent
Page 52 and 53:
Within the military, this dynamic c
Page 54 and 55:
him that all significant orders and
Page 56 and 57: Until the 1990s, the electronic med
Page 59: II. THE NORTH KOREAN LEADERSHIP: SY
Page 62 and 63: TABLES 1. Key Family Members in the
Page 64 and 65: The factional struggles in North Ko
Page 67 and 68: A. INTRODUCTION By definition, a to
Page 69 and 70: C. THE TECHNOLOGY OF POWER A Party
Page 71 and 72: document control bureaus in each mi
Page 73 and 74: Originally implemented in 1994 and
Page 75 and 76: Table II-1. Key Family Members in t
Page 77 and 78: of associates who trace their relat
Page 79 and 80: September 9, 2003, showed a change
Page 81 and 82: Chart II-2: Secretariat 5. Kye Ung-
Page 83 and 84: Members 1. Yi Ul-sul 4. Yi Yong-mu
Page 85 and 86: Table II-6. Kim Chong-il’s Princi
Page 87 and 88: Table II-7. Kim Chong-il’s Person
Page 89 and 90: chance to unfold. In terms of syste
Page 91 and 92: domestic policy arena, the split is
Page 93 and 94: At the second echelon of power, Kim
Page 95 and 96: D. FLOW OF INFORMATION George Kenna
Page 97 and 98: about things that affect their care
Page 99 and 100: (ID) and External Liaison (ELD) dep
Page 101 and 102: For the rest of the North Korean le
Page 103 and 104: the focus for not only a significan
Page 105: At the 11 th Supreme People’s Ass
Page 109 and 110: decision-making process. Moreover,
Page 111: III. THE WELL-INFORMED CADRE RALPH
Page 115 and 116: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY DEFINITIONS AND A
Page 117: greater access to first-hand inform
Page 120 and 121: The first question addressed by thi
Page 122 and 123: But this lack of enthusiasm is prob
Page 124 and 125: as the 1950s. 16 The security organ
Page 126 and 127: Another way to look at divisions wi
Page 128 and 129: Because the Kim regime governs acco
Page 130 and 131: guess is that anyone who rises in t
Page 132 and 133: But even though the media serve as
Page 134 and 135: Newspapers The DPRK’s premier new
Page 136 and 137: motivation in its readers through m
Page 138 and 139: Page 2: • Kim Jong-suk’s develo
Page 140 and 141: This selection of news items presen
Page 142 and 143: in the wake of the U.S. propaganda
Page 144 and 145: the general audience in a two-step
Page 146 and 147: also countries surrounding the Kore
Page 148 and 149: that the war in Iraq was “a test
Page 150 and 151: and transform us internally through
Page 152 and 153: eceived with little thought and has
Page 154 and 155: outside world than the ordinary wor
Page 156 and 157:
cognitive dissonance, particular ca
Page 159:
IV. INSIDE NORTH KOREA’S BLACK BO
Page 163 and 164:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The North Korean
Page 165 and 166:
A. BETTER, MERRIER, MORE HOPEFUL LI
Page 167 and 168:
In contrast, the optimists believe
Page 169 and 170:
to the throne. The State Council us
Page 171 and 172:
1976-1977, 4 and in 1986-1987 (see
Page 173 and 174:
Bulgarian Trade Unions, after which
Page 175 and 176:
Second, the principal objective of
Page 177 and 178:
southward expansion, and, last but
Page 179 and 180:
controlling some of North Korea’s
Page 181 and 182:
also against the second-tier family
Page 183 and 184:
Kim Sung-ae, who is Kim Il Sung’s
Page 185 and 186:
“National Security Establishment
Page 187 and 188:
October 1980. Many of them (Yon Hyo
Page 189 and 190:
severe draught in 1988 and the dram
Page 192 and 193:
The advent of the “Songun Era”
Page 194 and 195:
IV-30
Page 196 and 197:
Bearing in mind Kim Jong Il’s rec
Page 198 and 199:
Table IV-2. Composition of the Nort
Page 200 and 201:
Cabinet Posts 10 th SPA 11 th SPA R
Page 202 and 203:
Eastern Europe. That was reportedly
Page 204 and 205:
Table IV-5. Leading Ideologues Insi
Page 206 and 207:
Table IV-7. Regional Origins of Top
Page 208 and 209:
“Foreign Wind” The “foreign w
Page 210 and 211:
Table IV-10. Some of the Most Influ
Page 212 and 213:
Table IV-11. The North-South “Han
Page 214 and 215:
Song Sok Hwan Vice-Minister Cha Sun
Page 216 and 217:
Table IV-13. Korean-American “Int
Page 218 and 219:
content and government monitoring.
Page 220 and 221:
Northern security, military, and pa
Page 223:
APPENDIX B TONGIL STREET FREE MARKE
Page 227:
V. REACHING INTO NORTH KOREA DAVID
Page 231 and 232:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY North Korea is no
Page 233:
message right to Kim Jong-il, and m
Page 236 and 237:
isk escape from the hermit kingdom.
Page 238 and 239:
Society is divided into three broad
Page 240 and 241:
contradictions.” 17 This makes se
Page 242 and 243:
Internet is not specifically mentio
Page 244 and 245:
led to a training program for young
Page 246 and 247:
North Korea’s exports from legiti
Page 248 and 249:
een the biggest buyers of ivory ove
Page 250 and 251:
worker who travels throughout North
Page 252 and 253:
If we want to reach into North Kore
Page 254 and 255:
conversations with the correct mix
Page 256 and 257:
Although the future of cellular tel
Page 258 and 259:
There are a host of other things on
Page 261 and 262:
Each of the five papers in this col
Page 263 and 264:
promotions) and punishments (e.g.,
Page 265 and 266:
although presumably all calls are m
Page 267 and 268:
cultural rules.” Given the “str
Page 269:
Speaking of Kim, whom does he consu
Page 273:
Terms of Reference: North Korean Po
Page 277 and 278:
Joseph S. Bermudez Jr. is an intern
Page 279:
APPENDIX C ASIAN VIEWS OF NORTH KOR
Page 282 and 283:
In any case, the reforms provide a
Page 284 and 285:
View from Seoul The single most imp
Page 287:
Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION
show all

North Korean Policy Elites - Defense Technical Information Center

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?