North Korean Policy Elites - Defense Technical Information Center

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Table IV-7. Regional Origins of Top 54 North Korean Leaders (continued) Hamgyong: North Hamgyong – NH South Hamgyong – SH Ryanggang – RY Jagang - JA Pak Song-Ch’ol (NH) Yang Hyong-Sop (SH) Yon Hyong-Muk (NH) Yun Gi-Bok (SH) (deceased) Cho Se-Ung (NH) Hyun Moo-Kwan (NH) P’yongan: North P’yongan – NP South P’yongan – SP Pyongyang – PY Kangwon - KA Kim Yong-Sun (SP) (deceased) Kim Yun-Hyok (SP) So Yun Sok (SP) Kang Hui-Won (PY) Li Gun-Mo (SP) (deceased) Manchuria South Korea Russia In general, there always has been latent animosity and competition for central power between the Hamgyong people and the Pyongan people. The Hamgyong people (often referred to as “brambles” or “king brambles” in the DPRK) tend to be clever, competitive, and eager to get ahead. They are tough, realistic, and aggressive in seeking their interests. The Pyongan people (often called “stinges” and “leftover straws”), especially those who come from the capital of Pyongyang, are regarded as being void of substance, selfish, crafty, double-faced, and averse to hard work. They have a reputation for shiftiness and scheming because of their proximity to the halls of power. The role of regionalism, especially the north-south differences, can no longer be ignored in the analysis of the North Korean policymaking. Local influences also can be felt at the major national public organizations listed in Table 8, and their respective local chapters. Heads of the most influential national social organizations and federations are elected as members of the SPA Presidium, where they represent the interests of their corporate constituencies at the national level. IV-42
Table IV-8. Major National Public Organizations Name Organization Position Pak Sun Hui 52 Ri Yong Hui Korean Democratic Women’s Union SPA Presidium Chairwoman of the Central Committee Member Vice-chairwoman of the Central Committee Kim Kyong Ho Kim Il Sung Socialist Youth League SPA Presidium First Secretary of the Central Committee Member Kim Sung Chol Pyongyang City Committee of the Kim Il First Secretary Sung Socialist Youth League Ryom Sun Gil General Federation of Trade Unions of Korea Chairman of the Central Committee Member SPA Presidium Song Sok Hwan General Federation of the Unions of Literature and the Arts of Korea Vice-Chairman of the Central Committee Sung Sang Sop Korean Agricultural Workers’ Union Chairman of the Central Committee Member SPA Presidium Kim Yong Do Korean Educational and Cultural Workers' Union Vice-chairman of the Central Committee (ROK) Kim Song Guk Korean Journalists’ Union Chairman of the Central Committee Korean Lawyers Committee Cho Sang Han Oh-chul Pyon Yong Rip Thae Hyong Chol Kang Yong Sop Mun Chae Chol Jon Hyon Chan Jon Yong Jin 53 DPRK Olympic Committee DPRK Olympic Committee Korean General Federation of Science and Technology Korean Children’s Union DPRK Academy of Sciences SPA Presidium DPRK Academy of Social Sciences SPA Presidium Korean Christian Federation SPA Presidium Korean Committee for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries Vice-president Secretary President Member President Member Chairman Member Acting Chairman Vice-Chairman Vice-Chairman for S&T 52 Pak Sun Hui is a daughter of Pak Chong-Ae (1907-1967), a member of the Soviet-Korean faction who was the first Chairwoman of the Korean Democratic Women’s League in the 1940s-early 1960s. Pak Chong-Ae was the common-law wife of Kim Yong Bum, Chairman of the North Korean Branch Bureau of the Korean Communist Party in the 1940s. From the early 1950s to 1963, she had accompanied Kim Il Sung at many official functions as the only representative of all Korean women and was one of the most powerful women in the DPRK. In 1965, Pak Chong-Ae was replaced by Mrs. Kim Ok-sun, a guerrilla wife of Ch’oe Gwan, a partisan general and Director of the Political Bureau of the KPA. Following Ch’oe Gwan’s purge in 1969, Mrs. Kim Ok-sun was replaced by Kim Il Sung’s second wife, Kim Song-Ae, as the Chairwoman of the KDWU. In other words, the top position in the Korean Democratic Women’s Union customarily used to go to one of the most powerful women in the country. Now, despite earlier speculations that Kim Jong Il may give this job to his common-law wife, Ko Young Hui, he chose to hand this highly prestigious and coveted post over to the daughter of the founder of the women movement in Korea. IV-43
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INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES Nort
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INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES IDA
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CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & INTROD
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To write accurately about North Kor
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technocrats, provincial and county
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PREFACE This paper will examine in
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ABBREVIATIONS AGI CCSKA COMSEC DoD
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information streams, and from him t
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within the hands of a few individua
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and whether or not he will embarras
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to the lowest-levels of the KPA. As
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strengthening of all armed forces,
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esearch institutes and “think tan
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The primary missions of the Reconna
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communication that generally fall o
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of the State Security Department or
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maintaining strict control over the
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agencies in the ROK and Japan began
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The Guard and Security Commands, wh
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eports that are funneled up through
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Complicating the entire “Kim-cent
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Within the military, this dynamic c
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him that all significant orders and
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Until the 1990s, the electronic med
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II. THE NORTH KOREAN LEADERSHIP: SY
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TABLES 1. Key Family Members in the
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The factional struggles in North Ko
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A. INTRODUCTION By definition, a to
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C. THE TECHNOLOGY OF POWER A Party
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document control bureaus in each mi
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Originally implemented in 1994 and
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Table II-1. Key Family Members in t
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of associates who trace their relat
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September 9, 2003, showed a change
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Chart II-2: Secretariat 5. Kye Ung-
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Members 1. Yi Ul-sul 4. Yi Yong-mu
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Table II-6. Kim Chong-il’s Princi
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Table II-7. Kim Chong-il’s Person
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chance to unfold. In terms of syste
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domestic policy arena, the split is
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At the second echelon of power, Kim
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D. FLOW OF INFORMATION George Kenna
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about things that affect their care
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(ID) and External Liaison (ELD) dep
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For the rest of the North Korean le
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the focus for not only a significan
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At the 11 th Supreme People’s Ass
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There is little doubt that one of t
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decision-making process. Moreover,
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III. THE WELL-INFORMED CADRE RALPH
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY DEFINITIONS AND A
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greater access to first-hand inform
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The first question addressed by thi
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But this lack of enthusiasm is prob
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as the 1950s. 16 The security organ
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Another way to look at divisions wi
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Because the Kim regime governs acco
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guess is that anyone who rises in t
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But even though the media serve as
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Newspapers The DPRK’s premier new
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motivation in its readers through m
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Page 2: • Kim Jong-suk’s develo
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This selection of news items presen
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in the wake of the U.S. propaganda
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the general audience in a two-step
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also countries surrounding the Kore
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that the war in Iraq was “a test
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and transform us internally through
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eceived with little thought and has
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outside world than the ordinary wor
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Page 159: IV. INSIDE NORTH KOREA’S BLACK BO
Page 163 and 164: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The North Korean
Page 165 and 166: A. BETTER, MERRIER, MORE HOPEFUL LI
Page 167 and 168: In contrast, the optimists believe
Page 169 and 170: to the throne. The State Council us
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Page 181 and 182: also against the second-tier family
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Page 185 and 186: “National Security Establishment
Page 187 and 188: October 1980. Many of them (Yon Hyo
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Page 192 and 193: The advent of the “Songun Era”
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Page 196 and 197: Bearing in mind Kim Jong Il’s rec
Page 198 and 199: Table IV-2. Composition of the Nort
Page 200 and 201: Cabinet Posts 10 th SPA 11 th SPA R
Page 202 and 203: Eastern Europe. That was reportedly
Page 204 and 205: Table IV-5. Leading Ideologues Insi
Page 208 and 209: “Foreign Wind” The “foreign w
Page 210 and 211: Table IV-10. Some of the Most Influ
Page 212 and 213: Table IV-11. The North-South “Han
Page 214 and 215: Song Sok Hwan Vice-Minister Cha Sun
Page 216 and 217: Table IV-13. Korean-American “Int
Page 218 and 219: content and government monitoring.
Page 220 and 221: Northern security, military, and pa
Page 223: APPENDIX B TONGIL STREET FREE MARKE
Page 227: V. REACHING INTO NORTH KOREA DAVID
Page 231 and 232: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY North Korea is no
Page 233: message right to Kim Jong-il, and m
Page 236 and 237: isk escape from the hermit kingdom.
Page 238 and 239: Society is divided into three broad
Page 240 and 241: contradictions.” 17 This makes se
Page 242 and 243: Internet is not specifically mentio
Page 244 and 245: led to a training program for young
Page 246 and 247: North Korea’s exports from legiti
Page 248 and 249: een the biggest buyers of ivory ove
Page 250 and 251: worker who travels throughout North
Page 252 and 253: If we want to reach into North Kore
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Although the future of cellular tel
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There are a host of other things on
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Each of the five papers in this col
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promotions) and punishments (e.g.,
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although presumably all calls are m
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cultural rules.” Given the “str
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Speaking of Kim, whom does he consu
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Terms of Reference: North Korean Po
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Joseph S. Bermudez Jr. is an intern
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APPENDIX C ASIAN VIEWS OF NORTH KOR
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In any case, the reforms provide a
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View from Seoul The single most imp
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