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Yale Center for the Study of Globalization Namibia 6256.833 891.3613 69.115 0.8202 Congo, Rep. 3987.188 10466.02 47.32 1.281514 Rwanda 1071.208 13628.63 46.08 1.475957 Senegal 1792.537 16221.69 43.264 1.416786 Ghana 1468.647 41354.62 38.596 1.543557 Cameroon 2165.558 168795.6 40 1.628571 Gambia 1329.025 673.1029 48.755 1.183886 Tanzania 1224.974 185813.5 35.34333 1.747457 Kenya 1548.279 2638.006 47.43 1.270557 Togo 864.239 286931.7 36.85 1.877543 Guinea-Bissau 1036.866 1328.773 41.68 1.257471 Benin 1471.418 200495 38.62 1.719443 Angola 5297.671 689.8597 50.65 0.8302286 Liberia 384.3406 3896.628 38.16 1.510257 Uganda 1144.933 14571.28 42.83857 1.472457 Burundi 382.8807 35877.86 36.33 1.801714 Cape Verde 3380.736 2871.364 50.52 1.202614 Malawi 754.7202 6726.824 44.41333 1.455729 Djibouti 2082.813 40890.72 39.96 1.486686 Zambia 1369.317 209.845 51.54 1.116314 Mozambique 837.3094 2558.519 45.75333 1.341214 Sierra Leone 761.8589 11523.34 38.935 1.5144 Mauritania 1956.71 18195.23 42.00667 1.415771 Burkina Faso 1167.505 22586.06 44.2375 1.5166 Congo, Dem. Rep. 312.041 947.7646 44.43 1.381586 Côte d’Ivoire 1694.006 52115.13 40.48667 1.544714 Ethiopia 867.8976 1746995 33.162 2.106557 Nigeria 2108.136 3923.782 43.605 1.269857 Niger 681.3209 33851.91 39.0175 1.663414 Mali 1108.58 31196.32 40.645 1.5611 Chad 1341.723 36731.2 39.78 1.546257 Central African Republic 741.8057 7.090085 53.73333 1.0358 Sudan 2079.392 189332.8 35.29 1.647843 Source: Ncube and others (2013). Adjusting for inequality changes the Inclusive Growth Index value for a country rather dramatically. For example, as can be seen from columns 3 and 4 of Table 6.5, Botswana’s rating drops dramatically due to high inequality, as does South Africa’s, even though both countries have a high GDP per capita. By contrast, Egypt, due 114
Africa at a Fork in the Road: Taking Off or Disappointment Once Again? to the impact of subsidies, and Ethiopia maintain favorable rankings even after the adjustment for inequality. 6.5 Conclusion This discussion of inclusive growth in Africa has emphasized that Africa’s impressive growth of the last decade has not created enough jobs and has not reduced poverty fast enough. The growth has not been inclusive. It has been explained largely by a strong commodity price trend, while domestic demand factors have been relatively less strong. We have presented the factors that make up inclusive growth: economic, social, spatial, and political/institutional inclusion. Finally, we have presented an inclusive growth index for Africa, which allows us to compare performance across countries, and an approach for dealing with inequality considerations. The policy implication is that countries and development partners need to broaden their classification of countries beyond the mere income approach, and take into account the other factors discussed above. This also has implications for policies governing allocation of donor resources and general graduation of countries. Resource allocation needs to take the degree of the inclusive nature of the growth into account. A number of questions remain for further research: • Relative importance of inclusive growth factors; • Comparison of indices and measures that are aimed at capturing inclusive growth; • Policies and strategies for achieving inclusive growth; • Customizing inclusive growth indicators to country specifics. References African Development Bank Group (AfDB), 2011. The Tunis Consensus. Tunis: AfDB. ______, 2012. Briefing Notes for ADB’s Long-Term Strategy. Tunis: AfDB. ______, 2013a. The African Inclusive Growth Index. April. Tunis: AfDB. 115
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AFRICA at a Fork in the Road TAKING
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Acknowledgements This volume is the
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Africa at a Fork in the Road: Takin
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2. Africa’s Policy Choices in an
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3. Industrialization: The Good Road
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PART II Why Performance Matters: Th
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PART III The Governance Factor
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12. The Political Origins of Africa
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14. Corruption in Africa: Shifting
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16. Global Value Chains and “Serv
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19. The Role of Aid in a Changing A
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PART V Shaping Africa’s Future
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A main improvement has involved eco
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23. Foreign Direct Investment, Natu
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24. Tanzania: Turning Natural Gas i
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26.5 Moving forward Africa’s mixe
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27. Smallholders Hold the Keys to A
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