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Yale Center for the Study of Globalization Ndikumana, L., J. K. Boyce, and A. S. Ndiaye, 2013. “Capital Flight from Africa: Measurement and Drivers.” In S. I. Ajayi and L. Ndikumana (eds.), Capital Flight from Africa: Causes, Effects and Policy Issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press (forthcoming). Nkurunziza, J. D. 2012. “Illicit Financial Flows: A Constraint on Poverty Reduction in Africa,” ACAS Bulletin 87. ______. 2013. “Capital Flight and Poverty Reduction in Africa.” In I. Ajayi and L. Ndikumana (eds.), Capital Flight from Africa: Causes, Effects and Policy Issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press (forthcoming). United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries, and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS), 2013. State of the Least Developed Countries 2013. Special Theme: Productive Capacity Building in Least Developed Countries and the Post-2015 Development Agenda. New York, N.Y.: United Nations. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Trade Organization (WTO), 2002. Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services. Geneva: United Nations. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), 2013. Economic Report on Africa 2013: Making the Most of Africa’s Commodities: Industrializing for Growth, Jobs, and Economic Transformation. Addis Ababa: UNECA. Endnotes 1 The number of poor African people increased from 205 million in 1981 to 386 million in 2008 (World Bank PovcalNet database). 2 Data obtained from UNCTAD’s statistical database at http://unctad.org/en/Pages/Statistics.aspx. 328
Africa at a Fork in the Road: Taking Off or Disappointment Once Again? 3 In other words, private human capital is financed by public funds. In many African cases, even private education institutions free-ride on public resources: their teachers are often full-time employees of public schools (resulting in high teacher absenteeism) and use material from their public institutions of affiliation. 4 See Ndikumana (2014b) for a detailed discussion and illustrations. 5 Rwanda is making progress in taxation of urban real estate through computerization of property records and improved monitoring of tax payments by the local authorities. These reforms are both feasible and highly beneficial. 6 See Ndikumana (2013) for a more detailed discussion of anti-private sector corruption rules and regulations. 7 See UN-OHRLLS (2013) for an in-depth and illustrated discussion of strategies to build productive capacities in developing countries. 8 It is not clear how the 5 percent inflation target came about. Even more intriguingly, it is not clear how it applies to all countries. See Ndikumana (2014a) for a discussion of implications of inflationfocused monetary policy frameworks in African countries. 9 South Africa has a seat at the G20 table but in its own right, not as a mandated representative of Africa’s interests. 329
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AFRICA at a Fork in the Road TAKING
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Yale Center for the Study of Global
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Acknowledgements This volume is the
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Africa at a Fork in the Road: Takin
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2. Africa’s Policy Choices in an
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3. Industrialization: The Good Road
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PART II Why Performance Matters: Th
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6. Inclusive Growth in Africa: Curr
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8. Avoiding an African Spring: Conf
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9. Africa’s Jobs Challenge Haroon
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PART III The Governance Factor
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12. The Political Origins of Africa
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14. Corruption in Africa: Shifting
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A main improvement has involved eco
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23. Foreign Direct Investment, Natu
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24. Tanzania: Turning Natural Gas i
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26.5 Moving forward Africa’s mixe
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27. Smallholders Hold the Keys to A
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