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Yale Center for the Study of Globalization Figure 16.13: The Boom of Mobile Phone Subscriptions in Africa 16.5.2 Using traditional exports to move up the value chain Measuring the value of trade in services has always been a challenge, as noted above. Recent work on the measurement of trade in terms of value added reveals that the importance of services trade has been underestimated. According to the OECD-WTO’s Trade in Value-Added (TiVA) database, services would represent a larger share of exports if exports were measured in value added (50 percent against 20 percent if measured in terms of gross exports). A number of services exports are embedded in traditional goods exports, because of the growing proportion of services in the economy, but these do not appear in traditional trade statistics. Recent work by the Swedish National Board of Trade has illustrated the growing proportion of services in the economy (see Figure 16.14), including in the agro-food industry (National Board of Trade, 2010, 2013). 302
Africa at a Fork in the Road: Taking Off or Disappointment Once Again? Figure 16.14: Offshoring Needs for Services When Industrial Production Goes Global Source: National Board of Trade (2010). These new developments are of particular importance to African countries that have a high concentration of exports in traditional sectors. They suggest that the value of services trade—as it is traditionally measured—is underestimated and that hence the importance of services for the economy is underestimated. They also suggest that African countries do not need to directly export their services but could move up the value chain by developing the local supply of services to exporting industries, such as agro-food or mining industries. Countries could thus use their participation in global value chains in agro-food or mining as a stepping-stone for developing services. Ultimately, this development of services could not only boost a country’s services exports but also contribute to improving the local supply of services, hence expanding the access of African people to more competitive and better quality services. Figure 16.15 illustrates the development of services and services trade that could be triggered by a country’s participation in GVCs and inflows of direct foreign investment in traditional sectors like mining or agriculture. African countries should seek to maximize the benefits from such participation and minimize its costs (Cattaneo 303
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AFRICA at a Fork in the Road TAKING
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Yale Center for the Study of Global
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Acknowledgements This volume is the
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Africa at a Fork in the Road: Takin
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2. Africa’s Policy Choices in an
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3. Industrialization: The Good Road
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PART II Why Performance Matters: Th
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6. Inclusive Growth in Africa: Curr
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8. Avoiding an African Spring: Conf
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9. Africa’s Jobs Challenge Haroon
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PART III The Governance Factor
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12. The Political Origins of Africa
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PART V Shaping Africa’s Future
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21. Past the Resource Curse: The
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A main improvement has involved eco
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23. Foreign Direct Investment, Natu
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24. Tanzania: Turning Natural Gas i
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26.5 Moving forward Africa’s mixe
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27. Smallholders Hold the Keys to A
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