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Yale Center for the Study of Globalization tion, then, but rather as a result of the degree to which those factors are productively and efficiently employed. It is a measure of the growth of total factor productivity. 9 Appendix Table 12.A lists the measures we employ, characterizes them, and notes the sources from which they came. 12.4.2 Bivariate relationships Employing these measures, we can now turn to the use of quantitative data. Doing so enables us to demonstrate the plausibility of our conjecture—that political change in Africa promoted policy change in Africa, which in turn helped to fuel the continent’s economic revival. 12.4.2.1 Electoral reform and policy choice Drawing on data from 30 African countries for 1975–2005, in Figure 12.6, Panel A depicts the level of RRA before and after transition to electoral competition. Panel B depicts differences in the level of RRA in countries with and without competitive elections over the same period. In both panels, the data suggest that countries that reformed their institutions changed their policies and did so by reducing the degree of urban bias. Tests suggest that the differences are significant at less than the 0.01 level. 202
Africa at a Fork in the Road: Taking Off or Disappointment Once Again? Figure 12.6, Panel A: Relative Rates of Assistance, Before and After Political Reform Figure 12.6, Panel B: Relative Rates of Assistance, With and Without Political Reform In Figure 12.7, Panel A portrays the relationship between the magnitude of the black market premium before and after the transition to electoral competition; Panel B depicts the difference in the level in countries with and without competitive elections for the chief executive 10 . 203
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AFRICA at a Fork in the Road TAKING
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Acknowledgements This volume is the
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Africa at a Fork in the Road: Takin
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2. Africa’s Policy Choices in an
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3. Industrialization: The Good Road
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PART II Why Performance Matters: Th
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6. Inclusive Growth in Africa: Curr
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8. Avoiding an African Spring: Conf
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9. Africa’s Jobs Challenge Haroon
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14. Corruption in Africa: Shifting
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16. Global Value Chains and “Serv
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17. Better Global Governance for a
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19. The Role of Aid in a Changing A
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PART V Shaping Africa’s Future
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21. Past the Resource Curse: The
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A main improvement has involved eco
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23. Foreign Direct Investment, Natu
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24. Tanzania: Turning Natural Gas i
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26.5 Moving forward Africa’s mixe
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27. Smallholders Hold the Keys to A
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