africa

Africa at a Fork in the Road: Taking Off or Disappointment Once Again?
Anderson, Kym, and Ernesto Valenzuela, 2008, updated 2013. “Estimates of Global
Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, 1955 to 2007.” Washington D.C.: World
Bank. Available at http://go.worldbank.org/XIRCP7AUG0
Collier, Paul, 2008. “The Politics of Hunger,” Foreign Affairs, November. Available at:
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64607/paul-collier/the-politics-of-hunger
Kofi Annan Foundation and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2014. “Optimism for
African Agriculture and Food Systems.” Chairs’ Summary, High-Level Dialogue
on Harnessing Innovation for African Agriculture and Food Systems: Meeting
the Challenges and Designing for the 21st Century. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,
25-26 November. Available at: http://www.merid.org/en/~/media/1515643CB
A98454EB3C9053E7B57B199.pdf
Endnotes
1
Africa is a diverse continent with 54 countries, many agro-ecologies, and geographies at various
levels of development. We use the term African agriculture not to homogenize this diversity but for
the sake of linguistic simplicity.
2
The Gates Foundation disburses a total of about US$4 billion every year, with a quarter of this
focusing on domestic education in the United States. The rest is devoted to global efforts within
two program areas: Global Health and Development. Each program allocates funding according to
priority strategies.
3
For more details, see Bill Gates’ 2012 Speech to IFAD’s Governing Council, available at: http://www.
gatesfoundation.org/media-center/speeches/2012/02/bill-gates-ifad
4
See https://www.wfp.org/purchase-progress
5
See http://www.merid.org/Africanagricultureandfoodsystems.aspx and Kofi Annan Foundation and
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2014.
6
See http://www.merid.org/~/media/Files/Projects/Africa%20Ag%20and%20Food%20Systems/African%20Agriculture%20and%20Food%20Systems%20Full%20Report.pdf
7
Available at: http://www.gatesfoundation.org/media-center/speeches/2012/02/bill-gates-ifad
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