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Yale Center for the Study of Globalization to help capacity building and upgrading, including workforce development. Investment agreements play a key role during this phase, and a government needs to satisfy itself that the exploitation of local resources by foreign companies will have enough positive spillover effects for the local economy. In open markets, substitution will take place only if the local suppliers become competitive, and therefore accompanying policies should also contribute to improving the business environment. In phase 3, it is important to reduce local suppliers’ dependence on foreign investors. Such diversification could be achieved through the development of local demand for services, including through public procurement or through raising local standards to match supply with demand. Given the limits of such policies (income), it is important to promote and facilitate exports. 7 References Bair, J., and G. Gereffi, 2001. “Local Clusters in Global Value Chains: The Causes and Consequences of Export Dynamism in Torreon’s Blue Jeans Industry,” World Development 29(11): 1885-1903. Cattaneo, O., and S. Miroudot, 2015, forthcoming. “From Global Value Chains to Global Development Chains: An Analysis of Recent Changes in Trade Patterns and Development Paradigms.” In E. Zedillo and B. Hoekman (eds.), 21 st Century Trade Policy: Back to the Past? Volume in honor of Professor Patrick Messerlin. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Cattaneo, O., G. Gereffi, S. Miroudot, and D. Taglioni, 2013. “Joining, Upgrading, and Being Competitive in Global Value Chains.” Policy Research Working Paper No. 6406. Washington, DC: World Bank. Escaith, H., N. Lindinberg, and S. Miroudot, 2010. “Global Value Chains and the Crisis: Reshaping Trade Elasticity?” In O. Cattaneo, G. Gereffi, and C. Staritz (eds.) Global Value Chains in a Postcrisis World. A Development Perspective. Washington, DC: World Bank, pp. 73-124. 310
Africa at a Fork in the Road: Taking Off or Disappointment Once Again? Fernandez-Stark, K., P. Bamber, and G. Gereffi, 2011. The Fruit and Vegetables Global Value Chain. Economic Upgrading and Workforce Development, CGGC, Duke University. Available at: http://www.cggc.duke.edu/pdfs/2011-11-10_ CGGC_Fruit-and-Vegetables-Global-Value-Chain.pdf Gereffi, G., 1994. “The Organization of Buyer-Driven Global Commodity Chains: How US Retailers Shape Overseas Production Networks.” In: G. Gereffi and M. Korzeniewicz (eds.), Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism. Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. 95-122. Gereffi, G., and S. Frederick, 2010. “The Global Apparel Value Chain, Trade, and the Crisis: Challenges and Opportunities for Developing Countries.” In O. Cattaneo, G. Gereffi, and C. Staritz (eds.), Global Value Chains in a Postcrisis World. A Development Perspective. Washington, DC: World Bank, pp. 157-208. Gereffi, G., J. Humphrey, and T. Sturgeon, 2005. “The Governance of Global Value Chains,” Review of International Political Economy 12(1), 78-104. International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2011. “Tensions from the Two-Speed Recovery: Unemployment, Commodities, and Capital Flows.” In World Economic Outlook, 2011. Washington, DC: IMF. Jansen, M., and E. Von Uexkull, 2010. Trade and Employment in the Global Crisis. Geneva: International Labor Organization. Kaplinsky, R., and M. Morris, 2001. A Handbook for Value Chain Research. Ottawa: International Development Research Center. Kaplinsky, R., A. Terheggen, and J. Tijaja, 2010. “What Happens When the Market Shifts to China? The Gabon Timber and Thai Cassava Value Chains.” In O. Cattaneo, G. Gereffi, and C. Staritz (eds.), Global Value Chains in a Postcrisis World. A Development Perspective. Washington, DC: World Bank, pp. 303-334. 311
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AFRICA at a Fork in the Road TAKING
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Yale Center for the Study of Global
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Acknowledgements This volume is the
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Africa at a Fork in the Road: Takin
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3. Industrialization: The Good Road
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PART II Why Performance Matters: Th
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PART III The Governance Factor
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A main improvement has involved eco
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26.5 Moving forward Africa’s mixe
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