africa

Africa at a Fork in the Road: Taking Off or Disappointment Once Again?
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Endnotes
1
Thus, reducing production costs is an intermediate rather than a direct objective of Aid for Trade.
2
Standards governing processes pertain, for example, to management, labor, and environmental
impact and are often contained in a lead firm’s corporate social responsibility code or conduct code.
3
Depending, for example, on whether a value chain is buyer-led or retailer-led (as discussed by Gereffi,
1994; Bair and Gereffi, 2001) and on the type of network structure: whether captive, relational, or
modular (Gereffi and others, 2005).
4
Infrastructure portal at www.worldbank.org
5
It is estimated that 75 percent of people around the world now have access to a cell phone, with
the number of global mobile-cellular subscriptions quickly approaching 7 billion.
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