The <str<strong>on</strong>g>12th</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>,September 5 th to September 7 th , 2010, Tallinn, Est<strong>on</strong>iaFURTHER INFORMATIONQuesti<strong>on</strong>s c<strong>on</strong>cerning the paper can be addressed to:Thermaflex <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Holding B.V.Veerweg 15145NS WaalwijkThe Netherl<strong>and</strong>swww.thermaflex.comLi<strong>and</strong><strong>on</strong> B.V.Dijkgraaf 46920AB DuivenThe Netherl<strong>and</strong>swww.li<strong>and</strong><strong>on</strong>.comACKNOWLEDGEMENTWe would like to thank all involved employees ofThermaflex Isolatie B.V. who made this researchpossible (especially H. Leunessen <strong>and</strong> M. van Doorn).Special thanks go to P. Blom <strong>and</strong> P. van Rijswijk for thededicati<strong>on</strong> they showed in carrying out all the heat lossmeasurements during this research.REFERENCES[1] J. T. van Wijnkoop <strong>and</strong> E.J.H.M. van der Ven,―Verificati<strong>on</strong> of heat loss measurement‖, in Proc. ofthe <str<strong>on</strong>g>12th</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong><strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>, Tallinn, Est<strong>on</strong>ia (2010).[2] J. Korsman, I.M. Smits <strong>and</strong> E.J.H.M. van der Ven,―Heat loss analysis <strong>and</strong> optimizati<strong>on</strong> of a flexiblepiping system‖, in Proc. of the <str<strong>on</strong>g>12th</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>,Tallinn, Est<strong>on</strong>ia (2010).[3] S. de Boer, J. Korsman <strong>and</strong> I.M. Smits, ―L<strong>on</strong>g termheat loss of plastic Polybutylene piping systems‖,in Proc. of the 11th <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong><strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>, Tallinn, Reykjavik(2008).[4] E. J .H. M. van der Ven <strong>and</strong> R.J. van Arend<strong>on</strong>k,―Heat loss of flexible plastic pipe systems, analysis<strong>and</strong> optimizati<strong>on</strong>‖, in Proc. of the <str<strong>on</strong>g>12th</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>,Tallinn, Est<strong>on</strong>ia (2010).[5] P. Wallentén, ―steady-state heat loss frominsulated pipes‖, Lund Institute of Technology,Sweden, 1991[6] C. F. Colebrook, "Turbulent flow in pipes, withparticular reference to the transiti<strong>on</strong> regi<strong>on</strong>between smooth <strong>and</strong> rough pipe laws", February1939[7] C. Engel <strong>and</strong> G. Baars, ―New ec<strong>on</strong>omicalc<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong> soluti<strong>on</strong> for flexible piping systems‖, inProc. of the <str<strong>on</strong>g>12th</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong><strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>, Tallinn, Est<strong>on</strong>ia(2010).127
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>12th</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>,September 5 th to September 7 th , 2010, Tallinn, Est<strong>on</strong>iaEFFECTIVE WIDTH – THE RELATIVE DEMANDFOR DISTRICT HEATING PIPE LENGTHS IN CITY AREASUrban Perss<strong>on</strong> 1 , Sven Werner 11 School of Business <strong>and</strong> EngineeringHalmstad University, PO Box 823, SE-30118 Halmstad, SwedenABSTRACTOne key c<strong>on</strong>cept when assessing network investmentcost levels for district heating systems is the linear heatdensity. In c<strong>on</strong>trast to a traditi<strong>on</strong>al way of expressingthis quantity entirely <strong>on</strong> the basis of empirical data, arecently developed analytical approach has made itpossible to estimate linear heat densities <strong>on</strong> the basisof demographic data categories. A vital complementingquantity in this analytical approach is the c<strong>on</strong>cept ofeffective width.Effective width describes the relati<strong>on</strong>ship between agiven l<strong>and</strong> area <strong>and</strong> the length of the district heatingpipe network within this area. When modellingdistributi<strong>on</strong> capital cost levels by use of l<strong>and</strong> areavalues for plot ratio calculati<strong>on</strong>s, there is a potentialbias of overestimating distributi<strong>on</strong> capital cost levels inlow dense park city areas (e < 0.3).Since these areas often include l<strong>and</strong> area secti<strong>on</strong>swithout any housing, avoiding overestimati<strong>on</strong>s ofnetwork investment costs dem<strong>and</strong> some kind ofcorrective mechanism. By use of calculated effectivewidth values, a compensating effect at low plot ratiolevels is achieved, <strong>and</strong>, hence, renders loweranticipated distributi<strong>on</strong> capital cost levels in low densepark city areas.INTRODUCTIONOne key c<strong>on</strong>cept when estimating investment costlevels for district heating systems is the linear heatdensity, i.e. the quota of annually sold heat in a districtheating scheme <strong>and</strong> the trench length of the pipingsystem in this scheme (Q s /L) [1]. In c<strong>on</strong>trast to atraditi<strong>on</strong>al way of expressing this quantity entirely <strong>on</strong>the basis of empirical data, a recently developedanalytical approach has made it possible to estimatelinear heat density <strong>on</strong> the basis of demographic datacategories [2]. A vital complementing quantity in thisanalytical approach is the c<strong>on</strong>cept of effective width.BACKGROUNDEffective width is a st<strong>and</strong> al<strong>on</strong>e c<strong>on</strong>cept within districtheating theory, describing the relati<strong>on</strong>ship between agiven l<strong>and</strong> area, A L , <strong>and</strong> the length of the districtheating pipe network, L, within this area. Hence, theeffective width becomes the width of an analogousrectangle with the trench length as the length <strong>and</strong>where the rectangle area is equal to the given l<strong>and</strong>area.The c<strong>on</strong>cept was introduced by Werner [3] <strong>and</strong> hasbeen further elaborated recently in model estimati<strong>on</strong>sof distributi<strong>on</strong> capital cost reacti<strong>on</strong>s to decreased heatdem<strong>and</strong>s in four north European countries [2].Essential for calculati<strong>on</strong>s of anticipated investment costlevels for future district heating systems, the effectivewidth c<strong>on</strong>stitutes an important model parameterindicating levels of network extensi<strong>on</strong>s in given l<strong>and</strong>areas.Since the c<strong>on</strong>cept of effective width itself is rather new,with no previous analytical or statistical use, data <strong>on</strong>effective widths are in principal n<strong>on</strong> attainable withinnati<strong>on</strong>al statistical sources. Effective width might beregarded as an innovative model quantity with noprevious representati<strong>on</strong> in the field of district heatingresearch.AIMThe aim of this paper is to describe the c<strong>on</strong>cept ofeffective width <strong>and</strong> outline the basic properties of thisquantity. On the basis of, although sparse, empiricalobservati<strong>on</strong>s, preliminary statements c<strong>on</strong>cerning theproperties of effective width are made. The aim isfurther to enlighten the theoretical envir<strong>on</strong>ment in whicheffective width c<strong>on</strong>tributes when applying demographicquantities for estimati<strong>on</strong>s of district heating networkinvestment costs.LIMITATIONSDue to a limited amount of empirical data, in principalless than 100 observati<strong>on</strong>s, the specific result values<strong>and</strong> relati<strong>on</strong>ships accounted for in this paper must bec<strong>on</strong>sidered as preliminary. Although thorough in theory,the c<strong>on</strong>cept of effective width needs to be supportedfurther by extended empirical data gathering. In orderto be able to produce solid <strong>and</strong> reliable estimati<strong>on</strong>s ofeffective width values in different kinds of city areas,such informati<strong>on</strong> is c<strong>on</strong>sidered vital for future use of thec<strong>on</strong>cept.128
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