12th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling

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The <strong>12th</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> on District Heating and Cooling,September 5 th to September 7 th , 2010, Tallinn, EstoniaDAMAGES OF THE TALLINN DISTRICT HEATING NETWORKS AND INDICATIVEPARAMETERS FOR AN ESTIMATION OF THE NETWORKS GENERAL CONDITIONAleksandr Hlebnikov 1 , Anna Volkova 1 , Olga Džuba 2 , Arvi Poobus 1 , Ülo Kask 11 Department of Thermal Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,Tallinn University of Technology, Kopli 116, 11712 Tallinn, Estonia2 Tallinna Küte, Punane 36, 13619 Tallinn, Estoniaahleb@staff.ttu.ee, anna.volkova@ttu.eeABSTRACTDistrict heating networks in Estonia are mostly old andin bad condition. The state of the district heatingnetworks of Tallinn is typical for the rest of Estonian DHnetworks. The paper includes analysis of the Tallinndistrict heating networks. Valid data about damages indistrict heating systems received for the last 12 yearswere used for an analysis of the networks damages.Different types of network damages are analysed:external corrosion, internal corrosion, defect ofinstallation, factory defects, defect of construction andother reasons. The number of damages for the differentelements of networks is compared in the paper:armature, compensator, construction and pipes. Mainfactors, which influence damages in district heatingnetworks, are the age of networks, the quality ofconstruction works and the network operationconditions.The damage quantity dependence on the age ofnetworks is also defined and analysed in the paper.The number of damages can be diminished byreducing the average age of networks. This is possibleby replacing old pipelines and other network systemelements. Pipes average age changes for 20 yearsperiod are simulated according different intensities ofrenovation works.INTRODUCTIONDistrict heating (DH) allows centralized heat productionfor an area and hot water transportation to the buildingsthrough a network of pipes. District heating systemsoffer the potential to use energy-efficient andrenewable heat generation technologies, such ascogeneration technologies which implement both fossilfuels, as long as biomass and waste [1]. Districtheating system is traditional in Estonia. It has formedapproximately 70 per cent of all heating in the country.The share of heat produced by combined heat andpower production stations is approximately one third. Atthe same time, the technical situation of the districtheating networks (and production equipment) is poor.[2] Unsatisfactory condition of DH networks andunreliable heat supply can doubt on future of districtheating and the consumers can make a choice towardsa different heat supply alternative. Often thedecentralized heating is not an effective solution forregional heat supply strategy and it decreases potentialof combined heat and power production.[3].Nowadays DH systems operate both in big cities and insmall towns, which means, that there is enough heatload for the installation of new cogeneration equipment.But before new energy sources installation it isimportant to define and analyse the situation with DHnetworks.The purpose of this paper is to define the validcondition of typical old networks in Estonia, to definethe reasons of damage occurrence on the basis ofoperational data and to make forecasts for operation ofa DH network for the next 20 years. The paper includesanalysis of Tallinn district heating networks. The validdata about damages in district heating systemscollected during past 12 years was used for analysis ofnetworks damages.THE PRESENT CONDITION OF TALLINN DISTRICTHEATING SYSTEMDistrict heating networks in Estonia are mostly old andin bad condition. The state of the district heatingnetworks of Tallinn is typical for the rest of Estonian DHnetworks. In Tallinn the heat is transmitted to theconsumers through a 406-kilometres long heatingnetwork including the 93 km of pre-insulated pipes(23%). District heating systems of Tallinn wereconstructed mostly during the 1960-1980 period andtheir average age is 22 years.The AS Tallinna Küte enterprise makes operation ofthe bigger part of district heating networks and boilerhousesof Tallinn.District heating systems of Tallinn consist of fivedistricts of the central heat supply: Kesklinna district(total length ~92 km, length on the balance ofAS Tallinna Küte ~76 km), Lääne district (total length~162 km, length on the balance of AS Tallinna Küte~141 km), Lääne district local networks (total length~12 km, length on the balance of AS Tallinna Küte~11 km), Lasnamäe district (total length ~114 km,length on the balance of AS Tallinna Küte ~106 km),277
The <strong>12th</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> on District Heating and Cooling,September 5 th to September 7 th , 2010, Tallinn, EstoniaMaardu district (total length ~25 km, length on thebalance of AS Tallinna Küte ~14 km). [4]District heating systems of the areas Kesklinna andLasnamäe are connected through the pump stationLaagna. The total length of heating networks is 406 kmfrom which on the balance of AS Tallinna Küte thereare 348 km, or 85,7%.The following CHP stations and boiler-houses supplyheat to the districts of Tallinn: the CHP Iru (natural gas,190 MWel, 748 MWth), the boiler house Ülemiste(natural gas, 232 MWth); the CHP Väo (wood chips, 25MWel, 65 MWth); the boiler house Mustamäe (naturalgas, 390 МWth); the boiler house Kadaka (natural gas,290 MWth).Besides the abovementioned there are some smallscaleboiler houses. In Fig. 1 is displayed the basicscheme of Tallinn heat supply.District heating systems of Tallinn were constructedmostly during the 1960–1980 period and their averageage is 22 years.Mustamäeboiler-house390 MW390 MWKadakaboiler-house290 MWÜlemisteboiler-house232 MW(in reserve)Iru CHP748 MW (190 MW)Laagnapump station200 MWMustamäe network325 MWKesklinnanetwork180 MWLasnamäenetwork268 MWMaardunetworkVäo CHP65 MWThe state of DH networks varies for the differentdistricts of Tallinn.In Lasnamäe the construction of district heatingsystems began in 1970, and the network length is~106 km at present time. Assuming the actual load theheating systems of Lasnamäe district are the mostoverloaded in town.The length of main pipelines DN1000–1200 is ~19 km,the length of pipes DN400-800 is ~4,4 km. The share ofthe main networks is quite big and it is ~22% of totalnetwork length in Tallinn. Thermal isolation is made ofglass wool according to old soviet building norms and itis the reason of big heat losses in the network. Theheat losses in Lasnamäe network in 2008 were 21%from the total produced heat.The interconnected district heating systems of boilerhousesMustamäe, Kadaka and Karjamaa (not inoperation at present time) are related to the Lääne areaFig. 1 The basic scheme of Tallinn district heating system278(districts Mustamäe and Õismäe). Initially there hadbeen two separate networks which were merged lateron as a result of growth. In the area Lääne theconstruction of district heating systems began in 1960.The length of the Lääne area network is ~141 km. Thediameters of the main pipelines are less than those inthe Lasnamäe area.The length of the main pipelines with diameterDN400–900 is ~27,8 km. The heat losses of thenetwork in 2008 were 16% from the total producedheat.The speciality about the heating system of the areaLääne is that in past there was an open system of hotwater supply. The water added to the system had notime to purify sufficiently and oxygen and waterhardness led to an intensive internal corrosion of pipes.In Kesklinn area the network construction began in1959. Initially the heat supply was carried out by the
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P-1P-4P-9P-7E-5P-14P-8The 1
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to heating costs of 14,5 ct/kWh. Th
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academic access is facilitated as t
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1. CHP system operation in A2. Ther
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is covered by operating HOB. In oth
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produce heat and electricity. Fluct
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12th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling

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