The <str<strong>on</strong>g>12th</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>,September 5 th to September 7 th , 2010, Tallinn, Est<strong>on</strong>ia[3] PEDERSEN, L. (2007) ―Load Modelling ofBuildings in Mixed Energy Distributi<strong>on</strong> Systems‖,Department of Energy <strong>and</strong> Process Engineering,NTNU,(Norwegian University of Science <strong>and</strong>Technology), Tr<strong>on</strong>dheim[4] EN 15316 ―<strong>Heating</strong> systems in buildings – Methodfor calculati<strong>on</strong> of system energy requirements <strong>and</strong>system efficiencies – Part 4-5: Space heatinggenerati<strong>on</strong> systems, the performance <strong>and</strong> quality ofdistrict heating <strong>and</strong> large volumes”, 2007[6] EN 15316 ―<strong>Heating</strong> systems in buildings - Methodfor calculati<strong>on</strong> of system energy requirements <strong>and</strong>system efficiencies – Part 2-1: Space heatingemissi<strong>on</strong> systems.”, 2007[7] CEN: “Efficiency of domestic electrical storagewater-heater – German versi<strong>on</strong> pr EN 50440”,2005[8] “VVS-tekniske klimadata for Norge”, Norgesbyggforskningsinstitutt, Håndbok 33[5] EN 15316 ―<strong>Heating</strong> systems in buildings – Methodfor calculati<strong>on</strong> of system energy requirements <strong>and</strong>system efficiencies – Part 2-3: Space heatingdistributi<strong>on</strong> systems.”, 2007243
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>12th</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>,September 5 th to September 7 th , 2010, Tallinn, Est<strong>on</strong>iaHEAT LOAD REDUCTIONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON ENERGY CONSUMPTIONChristian Johanss<strong>on</strong> 1 <strong>and</strong> Fredrik Wernstedt 21Blekinge Institute of Technology, PO Box 520, SE-372 25, R<strong>on</strong>neby, Sweden, chj@bth.se2 NODA Intelligent Systems AB, Drottninggatan 5, SE-374 35, Karlshamn, Sweden, fw@noda.seABSTRACTIn this paper we investigate the c<strong>on</strong>sequences of usingtemporary heat load reducti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>sumersubstati<strong>on</strong>s, from the perspective of the individualc<strong>on</strong>sumer as well as the district heating company. Thereas<strong>on</strong> for using such reducti<strong>on</strong>s are normally to saveenergy at the c<strong>on</strong>sumer side, but the ability to c<strong>on</strong>trolthe heat load also lie at the core of more complexc<strong>on</strong>trol processes such as Dem<strong>and</strong> Side Management(DMS) <strong>and</strong> Load C<strong>on</strong>trol (LC) within district heatingsystems. The purpose of this paper is to study the waydifferent types of heat load reducti<strong>on</strong>s impact <strong>on</strong> theenergy usage as well as <strong>on</strong> the indoor climate in theindividual buildings. We have performed a series ofexperiments in which we have equipped multiapartmentbuildings with wireless indoor temperaturesensors <strong>and</strong> a novel type of load c<strong>on</strong>trol equipment,which gives us the ability to perform remotelysupervised <strong>and</strong> coordinated heat load reducti<strong>on</strong>sam<strong>on</strong>g these buildings. The results show that asubstantial lowering of the heat load <strong>and</strong> energy usageduring periods of reducti<strong>on</strong>s is possible withoutjeopardizing the indoor climate, although we show thatthere are differences in the implicati<strong>on</strong>s whenc<strong>on</strong>sidering different types of heat load reducti<strong>on</strong>s.INTRODUCTIONThe main purpose of this paper is to investigate thec<strong>on</strong>sequences of using temporary heat load reducti<strong>on</strong>s<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>sumer substati<strong>on</strong>s within a district heatingnetwork. The most comm<strong>on</strong> way to perform temporaryheat load reducti<strong>on</strong>s is to use night time set-back, i.e.to lower the wanted indoor temperature during nighttime while social activity is expected to be low.Emerging technologies like Dem<strong>and</strong> Side Management(DMS) <strong>and</strong> Load C<strong>on</strong>trol (LC) also use temporary heatload reducti<strong>on</strong>s in order to accomplish system widec<strong>on</strong>trol strategies, although the characteristic of thesehead load reducti<strong>on</strong>s differ significantly from night timeset-back.In the c<strong>on</strong>text of this study we regard a heat loadreducti<strong>on</strong> to be the whole process from the initialchange of heat load, through the return to normal heatload, <strong>and</strong> until no evidence of the heat load reducti<strong>on</strong>can be noticed in the dynamics of the building energy244balance. This definiti<strong>on</strong> is based <strong>on</strong> the fact that theheat load reducti<strong>on</strong> will c<strong>on</strong>tinue to exert an influence<strong>on</strong> the buildings thermal buffer for some time even afterthe heat load reducti<strong>on</strong> in itself is ended. The length ofthis interval is specific to each building <strong>and</strong> is related tothe thermal inertia of the building in questi<strong>on</strong>.In this paper we study the c<strong>on</strong>sequences of usingdifferent types of heat load reducti<strong>on</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> try toanalyse the way the thermal buffer of the building isaffected al<strong>on</strong>g with the actual heat load <strong>and</strong> energyusage from both a local <strong>and</strong> a global perspective. Westudy the performance of both l<strong>on</strong>g low-intensity heatload reducti<strong>on</strong>s (e.g. night time set-back) as well asshort high-intensity reducti<strong>on</strong>s (e.g. those frequentlyused in DMS schemes). The use of night time set-backhas received some attenti<strong>on</strong> in previous works, e.g [1],<strong>and</strong> the possibilities to use the building as a heat bufferhas been evaluated [11], but heat load reducti<strong>on</strong>s suchas those used in DSM <strong>and</strong> LC have to the knowledgeof the authors not been thoroughly investigated.Night Time Set-backNight time set-back means to lower the wanted indoortemperature during night time, with the purpose ofsaving energy through reduced heat losses due todecreased difference between indoor <strong>and</strong> outdoortemperature. This is the most comm<strong>on</strong> way to performtemporary heat load reducti<strong>on</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> many commercialc<strong>on</strong>trol systems support this feature. This is normallyd<strong>on</strong>e by a parallel displacement of the heat c<strong>on</strong>trolcurve during night hours. During night time set-back thewanted indoor temperature will be set to <strong>on</strong>e, or a few,degrees lower than during normal operati<strong>on</strong>s. There is,however, an <strong>on</strong>going debate <strong>on</strong> whether night time setbackactually gives an energy saving or not [4], <strong>and</strong>most practical implementati<strong>on</strong>s of night time set-backsuffer from morning peak loads when the c<strong>on</strong>trolsystem returns to the original operati<strong>on</strong>al level. Still,almost all c<strong>on</strong>trol equipment companies sell equipmentthat facilitates the use of night time set-back, <strong>and</strong> theuse of this technique is widespread.Dem<strong>and</strong> Side Management <strong>and</strong> Load C<strong>on</strong>trolWhile night time set-backs are a solely local energysaving technique, DMS <strong>and</strong> LC are usually performedwith a system wide perspective in mind. A building
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P-1P-4P-9P-7E-5P-14P-8The 1
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academic access is facilitated as t
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The values presented do of course l
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