The <str<strong>on</strong>g>12th</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>,September 5 th to September 7 th , 2010, Tallinn, Est<strong>on</strong>iaDynamics of heat storageMost of the daily fluctuati<strong>on</strong> in heat dem<strong>and</strong> wassmoothed with heat storages <strong>and</strong> electric heat boilersin all heat areas. If CHP units were operated, they wereusually operated at maximum heat output.The investment cost for heat storage was assumed tobe 1840 €/kWh. With the assumed ratio of 12 betweenstorage capacity <strong>and</strong> heat capacity this translates to153 €/kW. In comparis<strong>on</strong> the capacity cost of electricheat boilers was assumed to be 40 €/kW <strong>and</strong> 50 €/kWfor natural gas heat boiler. This means that investmentinto heat storage capacity was not driven by need fornew capacity since heat boilers were cheaper. Therehad to be operati<strong>on</strong>al benefits from the use of heatstorage to cover the additi<strong>on</strong>al investment costs.Heat storages create operati<strong>on</strong>al benefits by movingc<strong>on</strong>sumpti<strong>on</strong> from more expensive sources of heat toless expensive by shifting dem<strong>and</strong> in time. In allheating areas whole operating ranges of heat storageswere extensively utilized. During most 168 hour periodsheat storage reached both the minimum <strong>and</strong> maximumstorage capacities. In the ‗Rural‘ area heat storage was2.1% of the time either full or empty. With a largerstorage capacity this could have been reduced, but itwas not worth the investment.The size of the heat storage in ‗Industry‘ area waslarger than in other areas in relati<strong>on</strong> to daily heatdem<strong>and</strong> (Fig. 8). In ‗Industry‘ area charging of heatstorages took place over several days during higherpower prices, when wood waste CHP units wereproducing extra electricity. Storing the extra heatrequired larger heat storage capacity. On the c<strong>on</strong>trary,in ‗Rural‘ <strong>and</strong> ‗Urban‘ charging <strong>and</strong> discharging wasmore balanced <strong>and</strong> smaller heat storage was enough.Heat (GWh)180160140120100806040200Heat storage sizeMax daily heatMin daily heatAverageRural Urban IndustryFig. 8. Heat storage size compared to maximum, minimum<strong>and</strong> average daily heat dem<strong>and</strong>s.In the ‗Rural‘ area during winter time, charging of heatstorages is mostly based <strong>on</strong> the use of electric heatboilers. They create large amount of heat in relativelyshort time during periods of low power prices. Duringsummer time, heat storages are charged by turning <strong>on</strong>wood waste <strong>and</strong> forest residue CHP units. Duringspring <strong>and</strong> fall CHP units operate more often, since theheat load is larger, but still the heat storage helps toshut them down for periods of some hours.‗Urban‘ area has similar dynamics, but during summertime the adjustment is made by heat pumps instead ofCHP. In the winter during high power prices old naturalgas CHP units are less expensive to operate than theheat pumps.CONCLUSIONS<strong>District</strong> heating systems offer good possibilities forincreasing the flexibility of the power system, if thepenetrati<strong>on</strong> of variable power like wind power increasesgreatly in the future. According to the results, mainvessels to increase flexibility are the use of heatstorages, electric heat boilers <strong>and</strong> flexible operati<strong>on</strong> ofCHP units.Investment in electric heat boilers in district heatingsystems is driven mainly by periods of very high windpower producti<strong>on</strong>. The resulting cheap electricity isc<strong>on</strong>verted to heat <strong>and</strong> to some extent stored in heatstorages for later use. Investments in heat storage inturn are driven by the same mechanisms, but also tocreate flexibility in the electricity producti<strong>on</strong> when pricesare higher. To enable this, the operati<strong>on</strong> of CHP units<strong>and</strong> heat pumps is altered with the help of heatstorages. Heat pumps mainly compete against CHP asa source of heat. They succeed in replacing coal CHP,but are not very competitive against wood residues.This is naturally due to assumed costs where coal hasa c<strong>on</strong>siderably penalty due to CO 2 cost. Heat pumpsare not very important as a source of flexibility, sincethey require lot of full load hours due to theirinvestment cost.While the research has been c<strong>on</strong>ducted <strong>on</strong> districtheating, similar dynamics could be achieved inhousehold heating not c<strong>on</strong>nected to district heatingnetworks. However, the costs are likely to be largerunless there is an existing hot water tank. Flexibilitycould also be gained from district cooling or airc<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ingunits with the additi<strong>on</strong> of a cold storage.Further research should also address some of theshortcomings of current study. Sensitivity analysiswould be important, especially c<strong>on</strong>cerning the costestimates of the analysed heat measures. Heat storagemodel was very simple <strong>and</strong> this should be improved.Heat grade, especially in the industrial envir<strong>on</strong>ment,can vary <strong>and</strong> the model should take this into account.197
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>12th</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>,September 5 th to September 7 th , 2010, Tallinn, Est<strong>on</strong>iaHeat pumps were assumed to work at c<strong>on</strong>stant COP<strong>and</strong> this is a crude approximati<strong>on</strong> even if the heatsource is groundwater or sea water.REFERENCES[1] H. Ravn et al. Balmorel: A Model for Analyses ofthe Electricity <strong>and</strong> CHP Markets in the Baltic SeaRegi<strong>on</strong>. Balmorel Project 2001. See also:http://www.balmorel.com/Doc/B-MainReport0301.pdf[2] J Kiviluoma <strong>and</strong> P. Meibom, ―Influence of windpower, plug-in electric vehicles, <strong>and</strong> heat storages<strong>on</strong> power system investments‖, Energy, Volume35, Issue 3, March 2010, pp. 1244-1255. Elsevier.doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.11.004[3] Energy c<strong>on</strong>sumpti<strong>on</strong> in the UK: overall data tables,2009 update. Department of Energy <strong>and</strong> ClimateChange - sec<strong>on</strong>dary analysis of data from theDigest of UK Energy Statistics, Office of Nati<strong>on</strong>alStatistics <strong>and</strong> the Building ResearchEstablishment.[4] Annual Energy Review 2008. U.S. EnergyInformati<strong>on</strong> Administrati<strong>on</strong>.[5] H. Ibrahim, A. Ilinca <strong>and</strong> J. Perr<strong>on</strong>, ―Energy storagesystems—Characteristics <strong>and</strong> comparis<strong>on</strong>s‖,Renewable <strong>and</strong> Sustainable Energy Reviews,Volume 12, Issue 5, June 2008, pp. 1221-1250.Elsevier. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2007.01.023[6] J.K. Kaldellis <strong>and</strong> D. Zafirakis, ―Optimum energystorage techniques for the improvement ofrenewable energy sources-based electricitygenerati<strong>on</strong> ec<strong>on</strong>omic efficiency‖, Energy, Vol. 32,pp. 2295–2305. Elsevier.[7] H. Lund <strong>and</strong> E. Münster, ―Modelling of energysystems with a high percentage of CHP <strong>and</strong> windpower‖, Renewable Energy, Vol. 28, 2003, pp.2179-2193. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/S0960-1481(03)00125-3[8] H. Lund, ―Large-scale integrati<strong>on</strong> of wind powerinto different energy systems‖, Energy, Volume 30,Issue 13, October 2005, pp. 2402-2412. Elsevier.doi:10.1016/j.energy.2004.11.001[9] H. Lund, B. Möller, B.V. Mathiesen <strong>and</strong> A.Dyrelund, ―The role of district heating in futurerenewable energy systems‖, Energy, Vol. 35, 2010,pp. 1381-1390. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.11.023[10] K. Karlss<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> P. Meibom, ―Optimal investmentpaths for future renewable based energy systems –Using the optimisati<strong>on</strong> model Balmorel‖,<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Journal of Hydrogen Energy Vol. 33,2008, pp. 1777-1787.[11] S.G. Jensen <strong>and</strong> P. Meibom, ―Investments inliberalised power markets. Gas turbine investmentopportunities in the Nordic power system‖, Int. J.Electr. Power Energy Syst. Vol. 30, 2008,pp. 113–124.198
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