The <str<strong>on</strong>g>12th</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>,September 5 th to September 7 th , 2010, Tallinn, Est<strong>on</strong>iaside in the winter the rate of operati<strong>on</strong> of HOB will bedecreased.– The thermal energy exchanges via the network <strong>and</strong>the corresp<strong>on</strong>ding changes in operati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> both sidesare prevailing in intermediate seas<strong>on</strong>s in case of similarheat c<strong>on</strong>sumpti<strong>on</strong> patterns <strong>on</strong> both sides.– The operati<strong>on</strong> of cooling system <strong>on</strong> the newlydeveloping area is verified not to have much effects interms of thermal networking operati<strong>on</strong>. However, thesignificant changes in the LNG c<strong>on</strong>sumpti<strong>on</strong> patternsby use are observed according to the ratio ofresp<strong>on</strong>sibility by absorpti<strong>on</strong> chillers for the cooling load.The various aspects of system c<strong>on</strong>figurati<strong>on</strong> in terms ofCHP system optimizati<strong>on</strong> are discussed with thedevelopment of a simulati<strong>on</strong> program in this study. It isverified that the physical <strong>and</strong> mechanical mechanismsc<strong>on</strong>cerned with the thermal networking operati<strong>on</strong> hasbeen appropriately modeled from the assessment ofoperati<strong>on</strong>al behavior for test cases.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe author gratefully acknowledges the financial <strong>and</strong>technical supports for the research from the Korea<strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> Corporati<strong>on</strong> (KDHC).REFERENCES[1] Korea Energy Management Corporati<strong>on</strong>, ―Statisticsfor district heating <strong>and</strong> cooling enterprise in Korea‖,2009.[2] A. Marbe, S. Harvey, ―Opportunities for integrati<strong>on</strong>of biofuel gasifiers in natural-gas combined heat<strong>and</strong>-powerplants in district-heating systems‖,Applied Energy, 2006, Vol.83, pp. 723-748.[3] C. Weber, I. Heckl, F. Friedler, F. Marechal, D.Favrat, ―Network synthesis for a district energysystem: a step towards sustainability‖, ComputerAided Chemical engineering, 2006, Vol. 21, pp.1869-1874.[4] H. Lund, F. Hvelplund, I. Kass, E. Dukalskis, D.Blumberga, ―<strong>District</strong> heating <strong>and</strong> market ec<strong>on</strong>omyin Latvia‖, Energy, 1999, Vol. 24, pp. 549-559.[5] H. C. Park, M. Chung, S. H. Kim, ―Development ofsystem simulator for community energy system‖,Report to Ministry of Industry, 2003.[6] Y. H. Im, H. C. Park, M. Chung, ―A study of optimalheating supply systems for the newly developingarea in the vicinity of DHC system supplying area‖,Report to Korea <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> Corporati<strong>on</strong>, 2006[7] Y. H. Im, M. Chung, H. C. Park, ―Feasibility studyfor small size cogenerati<strong>on</strong> systems in themetropolitan areas of Seoul‖, Final Report to SH(Seoul Housing) Corporati<strong>on</strong>, 2008.[8] M. Chung, H. C. Park, ―Development of a energydem<strong>and</strong> estimator for community energy systems‖,Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society, 2009,Vol 29, pp. 37-44.[9] M. Chung, H. C. Park, ―Development of a softwarepackage for community energy system assessment– Part I: Building a load estimator‖, Energy, inpress.[10] H. C. Park, S. S. Lee, D. J. Kim, ―Development ofenergy models for department stores‖, KoreanJournal of Air-C<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing <strong>and</strong> Refrigerati<strong>on</strong>Engineering, 2003, Vol. 15, pp. 1088-94.[11] H. C. Park, M. Chung, ―Building load models forhotels in Korea‖, Journal of the Korean SolarEnergy Society, 2009, Vol. 29, pp. 48-57.[12] H. C. Park, ―Development of weighting factors forvariables associated with hourly energyc<strong>on</strong>sumpti<strong>on</strong> pattern for hotels in Korea‖, SAREK(Soc. Air-c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing, Ref., Engineers of Korea)Winter Annual meeting, 2002, pp. 76-82[13] H. C. Park, ―Analysis of energy loads for hospitalbuildings‖, SAREK journal, 2002, pp. 1088-93.167
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>12th</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>,September 5 th to September 7 th , 2010, Tallinn, Est<strong>on</strong>iaIMPROVED PRIMARY ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF DISTRICT HEATING NETWORKS BYINTEGRATION OF COMMUNAL BIOMASS-FIRED COMBINED HEAT AND POWERPLANTS WITH BIOMASS PYROLYSIST. Kohl 1 , N.A. Pambudi 2 , T. Laukkanen 1 <strong>and</strong> C.-J. Fogelholm 11 Aalto University, Dept. of Energy Technology, Espoo, Finl<strong>and</strong>1 Corresp<strong>on</strong>ding Author: Thomas Kohl, e-mail: thomas.kohl@tkk.fi2 Semarang State University, Semarang, Ind<strong>on</strong>esiaAbstractABSTRACTThis paper investigates the influence of the integrati<strong>on</strong>of communal biomass-fired combined heat <strong>and</strong> powerplants with wood-pyrolysis <strong>on</strong> the plant‘s energybalance <strong>and</strong> product distributi<strong>on</strong>. Further the proposedintegrati<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>cept‘s influence <strong>on</strong> the envir<strong>on</strong>mentalperformance of the c<strong>on</strong>nected district heating network ispointed out. The envir<strong>on</strong>mental performance isevaluated by means of the primary energy factor <strong>and</strong>the CO 2 emissi<strong>on</strong> coefficient. For this evaluati<strong>on</strong>, theEuropean st<strong>and</strong>ards EN 15603 <strong>and</strong> EN 15613-4-5 areapplied <strong>and</strong> modified.The c<strong>on</strong>cept comprises the integrati<strong>on</strong> of a simplepyrolysis model <strong>and</strong> of a steam dryer with a base casecombined heat <strong>and</strong> power plant. The yearly plant outputis calculated by applying a multiperiod model of the heatdurati<strong>on</strong> curve. The work shows that, by co-generati<strong>on</strong>of valuable pyrolysis product, operati<strong>on</strong> hours <strong>and</strong>electricity producti<strong>on</strong> can be c<strong>on</strong>siderably improved.The integrati<strong>on</strong> also clearly improves the district heatingnetwork‘s primary energy efficiency <strong>and</strong> lowers itscarb<strong>on</strong> dioxide emissi<strong>on</strong>s significantly.INTRODUCTIONThe European Uni<strong>on</strong>‘s carb<strong>on</strong> dioxide mitigati<strong>on</strong> goals<strong>and</strong> plans to reduce energy import dependency requireacti<strong>on</strong> towards a more sustainable energy supply that isbased <strong>on</strong> renewable energy sources available in themember states. Biomass is discussed c<strong>on</strong>troversiallydue to its wide range of upgrade possibilities frompower, heat, cooling to chemicals <strong>and</strong> transportati<strong>on</strong>fuels. Am<strong>on</strong>g others, EU directives 2001/77/EC(―…promoti<strong>on</strong> of electricity produced from renewableenergy…‖), 2004/8/EC (―…promoti<strong>on</strong> ofcogenerati<strong>on</strong>…‖) <strong>and</strong> 2003/30/EC (―… promoti<strong>on</strong> of theuse of biofuels…‖) state that the use of biomass forenergy purposes should be exp<strong>and</strong>ed <strong>on</strong> a sustainablebase.However, the increased use of biomass is expected toraise prices for biomass which will negatively influence,am<strong>on</strong>g others, the ec<strong>on</strong>omy of communal biomass-firedcombined heat <strong>and</strong> power (CHP) plants – a technologythat is currently competitive to fossil energy producti<strong>on</strong>.Furthermore the scarcity of the biomass availabledem<strong>and</strong>s most efficient use of this resource.As shown in a previous study [1] it looks promising tointegrate biorefinery processes, that are linked totransportati<strong>on</strong> fuel producti<strong>on</strong>, with CHP plants, sinceCHP plants can provide both a source for hightemperature heat needed for thermal c<strong>on</strong>versi<strong>on</strong> ofbiomass as well as the district heating network (DHN)as a sink for sensible heat that would usually berejected in st<strong>and</strong>-al<strong>on</strong>e biofuel refineries. It has beenfurther worked out that the integrated producti<strong>on</strong> ofinterstage products, such as liquid fast pyrolysis product(often referred to as woodoil) <strong>and</strong> wood pellets, haveseveral advantages: Firstly, the products areindependent from the transportati<strong>on</strong> fuel marketdevelopments since they can be seen as a universalinput for different upgrading processes to e.g. biodiesel,ethanol, methanol, hydrogen or other chemicalsproducti<strong>on</strong> but they can also be directly combusted forpower <strong>and</strong> heat generati<strong>on</strong>. Sec<strong>on</strong>dly, they increase thebiomass‘ energy density making it more sustainable fortransportati<strong>on</strong> to central plants required for ec<strong>on</strong>omicfuel producti<strong>on</strong>. Thirdly, technologies applied for suchpre-processing are relatively simple <strong>and</strong> robust, thuskeeping investment cost <strong>and</strong> system complexity <strong>on</strong> areas<strong>on</strong>able level <strong>and</strong> making it therefore also interestingfor local small-scale soluti<strong>on</strong>s.In this paper, outgoing from a base case, we simulatethe retrofit integrati<strong>on</strong> of wood fast pyrolysis with anexisting wood-fired CHP plant. The aim is highestpossible pyrolysis product generati<strong>on</strong> using the freeboiler capacity in part loads under the c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> that thedistrict heat (DH) dem<strong>and</strong> is still fulfilled.With help of a multiperiod model of the DHN‘s heatdurati<strong>on</strong> curve, the work shows the influence of theintegrati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> plant operating hours, electricityproducti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> biomass throughput. In additi<strong>on</strong> theeffects <strong>on</strong> the DHN‘s primary energy factor <strong>and</strong> CO 2emissi<strong>on</strong> coefficients are studied as well. The primaryenergy factor <strong>and</strong> the CO 2 emissi<strong>on</strong> coefficient arecalculated according to European st<strong>and</strong>ards EN 15603[2] <strong>and</strong> 15316-4-5 [3], applying a modified power b<strong>on</strong>usmethod. However, no cost estimati<strong>on</strong> is given, since thefocus of the work was to find out if this integrati<strong>on</strong>168
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