12th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling

The <strong>12th</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> on District Heating and Cooling,September 5 th to September 7 th , 2010, Tallinn, Estoniaare generated in combination with an increasing shareof renewables, a higher CO 2 price and from CCS.Efficiency and share [%]90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%27 36 46 56 65 75 85 94 104 114 123Carbon price [€ 2000/tCO2]CHP industrial η(total)CHP industrialshare RESBoiler industrialηBoiler industrialshare RESCCS CHPindustrial (shareFuel input)Figure 14: Efficiency of heat supply technologies andshare of CCS at industrial CHP in the EU-27 in 2030150District Heatthat the climate conditions within Europe differsubstantially.Within the energy system of the EU-27, there aredifferent emission reduction pathways. The emissionscould be reduced by a fuel switch in more efficient (orbetter, less carbon intensive) energy supply or by achange in production processes. Key driversconcerning the emission reduction in productionprocesses and in heat demand side are efficiencyimprovements due to new technologies andtechnological improvements. The key driver concerningthe supply side of electricity and heat generation is theincreased use of renewables, mainly biomass, for heatgeneration. The CCS technology also plays animportant role in the reduction of emissions. Due to theincreased use of renewables in CHP and heat plantsand the use of CCS, the efficiency in the supplyprocesses decreases at higher CO 2 prices.change in heat output [PJ]100500-50-100CHP industrialBoilerIn the long run to a CO 2 -free world, the possibility togenerate district heat with renewable energy and theuse of CCS make the decarbonisation of the energyconsumption in the end use sectors possible.In general, the progression of district heat dependscrucially on the possibility of generating CO 2 emissionfree district heat and electricity.-15036 46 56 65 75 85 94 104 114 123Carbon price [€ 2000/tCO2]Figure 15: Heat supply by technology in the industrialsector in the EU-27 in 2030 compared to the scenario withthe lowest CO 2 price of 27 €/tIn total, all these described effects concerning theindustrial supply processes lead to the additionalemission reduction in 2030 of 147 Mt at a price ofbetween 123 €/t and 27 €/t. In general, more emissionsare reduced in boilers than in CHPs. The reasons arethe fuel switch from coal and mainly gas to renewablesat lower CO 2 prices and later on the substitution ofboilers with CHPs (less boilers are used and therewithproduce less emissions).Due to a higher use of CHPs, there is no clear increasein emissions during the mid-term ranges. When theoutput of heat stays constant and a higher share ofCCS is used, then clear emission reductions fromCHPs (additional 48.7 Mt in 2030 at 123 €/t comparedto 27 €/t) occur.CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOKDistrict heating generation offers an economic potentialfor expansion in the future. Depending on the regionsor countries, the development will be different becausethe starting point is economic growth and the existingnational laws or cross-subsidies for competitor‘s energycarriers. In addition, it is necessary to take into accountREFERENCES[1] Blesl, M.; Kober, T.; Bruchof, D.; Kuder, R.: Effectsof climate and energy policy related measures andtargets on the future structure of the Europeanenergy system in 2020 and beyond, Energy Policy,2010 (forthcoming)[2] Blesl, M.; Kober, T.; Bruchof, D.; Kuder, R.: Beitragvon technologischen und strukturellenVeränderungen im Energiesystem der EU 27 zurErreichung ambitionierter Klimaschutzziele,Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft 04/2008[3] Blesl, M.: CHP and district heat in the Europeunder an emission reduction regime, in: 11th<strong>International</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> on District Heating andCooling in Reykjavik, Island[4] Blesl, M., Cosmi, C. ,Kypreos, S. , Salvia, M.:Technical paper n° Technical Report n° T3.18 –RS 2a ―Summary report of Pan European modelresults – BAU scenario‖ EU Integrated ProjectNEEDS ―New Energy Externalities Developmentsfor Sustainability‖ October, 2008[5] DEHSt (2010): DeutscheEmissionshandelsstelle, Kohlendioxidemissionender emissionshandelspflichtigen Anlagen im Jahr2009 in Deutschland, Mai 2010236