The <str<strong>on</strong>g>12th</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>,September 5 th to September 7 th , 2010, Tallinn, Est<strong>on</strong>iaREFERENCES[1] Ingrid Nyström, Martin Eliass<strong>on</strong>, TorbjörnLindholm, Morgan Fröling, Jan-Olof Dahlenbäck,Erik Ahlgren <strong>and</strong> Elsa Fahlén (2009): Energieffektivbebyggelse och fjärrvärme i framtiden (in Swedish:Energy efficient built envir<strong>on</strong>ment <strong>and</strong> districtheating in future). Swedish <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong>Associati<strong>on</strong>, Stockholm, Sweden. Available as pdffrom www.svenskfjarrvarme.se[2] Morgan Fröling <strong>and</strong> Ingrid Nyström (2009):Miljöpåverkan från energieffektiva hus ochalternativ värme- eller elanvändning (in Swedish:Envir<strong>on</strong>mental impacts from energy efficientbuildings <strong>and</strong> alternative heat or electricity use).Published in [2].[3] Morgan Fröling; Charlotte Reidhav; Jan-OlofDalenbäck <strong>and</strong> Sven Werner (2008): Is there a rolefor district heating in future cities with low energybuildings? 11th <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong><strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>, August 31 to September 2,2008, Reykjavik, ICELANDFig. 5 Envir<strong>on</strong>mental impact from using district heat fordishwasher, drier <strong>and</strong> washer. Case: bio based districtheating producti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> Swedish av. electricity.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTFinancial support from the Knut <strong>and</strong> Alice Wallenbergfoundati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Swedish <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong>Associati<strong>on</strong> is gratefully acknowledged.[4] Göteborg Energi. Fjärrvärmehuset (published inSwedish; ―The district heating house‖). Brochure.Göteborg Energi AB.[5] Morgan Fröling (2004): Envir<strong>on</strong>mental limitati<strong>on</strong>sfor the use of district heating when exp<strong>and</strong>ingdistributi<strong>on</strong> into areas with low heat density. 9th<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong><strong>Cooling</strong>, August 30-31, 2004, Espoo, Finl<strong>and</strong>.205
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>12th</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>,September 5 th to September 7 th , 2010, Tallinn, Est<strong>on</strong>iaADAPTIVE CONTROL OF RADIATOR SYSTEMS FOR A LOWEST POSSIBLERETURN TEMPERATUREP. Lauenburg <strong>and</strong> J. Wollerstr<strong>and</strong>Lund University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Energy Science, Sweden,patrick.lauenburg@energy.lth.seABSTRACTThe present paper describes how the c<strong>on</strong>trol of aradiator system c<strong>on</strong>nected to a district heating networkvia a heat exchanger can be optimised to provide thelowest possible district heating return temperature. Thiscan be achieved for each operating point by employingan optimal combinati<strong>on</strong> of radiator circuit supplytemperature <strong>and</strong> circulati<strong>on</strong> flow rate. The c<strong>on</strong>trolalgorithm gradually creates a modified c<strong>on</strong>trol curve forthe radiator circuit, enabling it to c<strong>on</strong>sistently providean optimal cooling of the district heating water. Sincethe heat exchanger is dimensi<strong>on</strong>ed for very low outdoortemperatures, it is oversized for all other heat loads. Inadditi<strong>on</strong>, radiator systems are often oversized due tosafety margins. Such facts render it possible to reducethe district heating return temperature.The objective of the present study was to develop ac<strong>on</strong>trol algorithm <strong>and</strong> to test it in practice. A descripti<strong>on</strong>is here given of the algorithm, as well as of field teststhat were carried out to practically verify it. The c<strong>on</strong>trolmethod could be implemented in any modern c<strong>on</strong>trollogics for adaptive c<strong>on</strong>trol of a radiator circuit, <strong>and</strong> theobtained results indicated that <strong>on</strong>e can expect alowering of the return temperature in line with previoustheoretical calculati<strong>on</strong>s.oversized for all other heat loads. In additi<strong>on</strong>, radiatorsystems are generally also oversized for safetyreas<strong>on</strong>s, as presented in both Swedish studies [3], [12]<strong>and</strong> internati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>on</strong>es [5], [8] <strong>and</strong> [10], thus providingfurther potential to reduce the return temperature.ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to develop a c<strong>on</strong>trolalgorithm for determining the optimal choice of supplytemperature <strong>and</strong> flow in an arbitrary radiator system forevery heat load in order to minimise the primary returntemperature.Limitati<strong>on</strong>The present investigati<strong>on</strong> has dealt with DHsubstati<strong>on</strong>s that were indirectly c<strong>on</strong>nected to theDH network, i.e., hydraulically separated by HEXs.OPTIMISED HEATING SYSTEM TEMPERATURESThere exist various ways to c<strong>on</strong>trol the heat output in aheating system. Here, we have dealt with the prevailingc<strong>on</strong>trol method used in Sweden; an outdoortemperature-compensated supply temperature,ensuring that an adequate amount of heat is suppliedto the building at each outdoor temperature.INTRODUCTIONThe present paper dem<strong>on</strong>strates how the c<strong>on</strong>trol of aradiator system c<strong>on</strong>nected to a district heating (DH)network via a heat exchanger (HEX) can be optimisedto provide the lowest possible DH return temperature.This is d<strong>on</strong>e by always choosing the optimal radiatorsupply temperature <strong>and</strong> flow rate.Relevance of the topicLow return temperatures are beneficial for theproducti<strong>on</strong> as well as the distributi<strong>on</strong> of DH. A specificadvantage of the c<strong>on</strong>trol method dem<strong>on</strong>strated in thispaper, as opposed to, for example, c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>al lowflow balancing, is its robustness, enabling the lowestpossible return temperatures to be c<strong>on</strong>sistentlyobtained. This is the case independently of the currentoutdoor temperature <strong>and</strong> heat load, even if the DHsupply temperature changes, the HEX becomes fouled,or the house heating requirements change. The idea isalso to utilise the fact that, since a HEX is dimensi<strong>on</strong>edfor an extremely low outdoor temperature, it is in fact206The benefits with regard to the primary returntemperature from adjusting the flow according to theheat load are known. The idea of using an optimalcombinati<strong>on</strong> of flow <strong>and</strong> supply temperature wasc<strong>on</strong>ceived by Frederiksen <strong>and</strong> Wollerstr<strong>and</strong> [2], <strong>and</strong>this theory has been further studied [13] [11]. Theguidelines from Euroheat & Power [1] state that thelowest return temperature is obtained by varying theflow according to the c<strong>on</strong>sumpti<strong>on</strong>. If such a variableflow is used, it is c<strong>on</strong>trolled by thermostatic radiatorvalves (TRV) either in combinati<strong>on</strong> with a c<strong>on</strong>stantsupply temperature or with an outdoor temperaturecompensatedsupply temperature. Langendries [4]suggests a central c<strong>on</strong>trol of the flow rate through thepump‘s rotating speed, but claims that it appears to bea rather difficult <strong>and</strong> expensive system. Petitjean [9]proposes a lowering of the pump speed at low heatloads, when the TRVs are almost fully open, but finds itproblematic to determine which parameter to use forc<strong>on</strong>trolling the pump speed.It should be possible to implement the c<strong>on</strong>trol algorithmpresented in this paper in any modern, state-of-the-art
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the street the more shallow the sha
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academic access is facilitated as t
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