The <str<strong>on</strong>g>12th</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>,September 5 th to September 7 th , 2010, Tallinn, Est<strong>on</strong>ia[6] EEA (2010): European Envir<strong>on</strong>ment Agency,European Uni<strong>on</strong> emissi<strong>on</strong> trading scheme (ETS)data viewer, 2010[7] Kober, Blesl (2010a): Analysis of potentials<strong>and</strong> costs of storage of CO2 in the Utsira aquifer inthe North Sea; report work package 4: Regi<strong>on</strong>alanalysis at North Sea level, 2010, www.fencoera.net[8] Kober, Blesl (2010b): Perspectives of CCSin Europe c<strong>on</strong>sidering technical <strong>and</strong> ec<strong>on</strong>omicpower plant uncertainties; in PLANETS workpackage 6 deliverable No. 15 ―Report <strong>on</strong>Probabilistic Scenarios‖, 2010, www.feemproject.net/planets[9] Kuder, Blesl (2009): Kuder, R.; Blesl, M.: Effects ofa white certificate trading scheme <strong>on</strong> the energysystem of the EU-27, Fullpaper 10th IAEEEuropean C<strong>on</strong>ference in Vienna, Austria, 2009[10] UNFCCC (2009): GHG inventory reports for thesingle member states of the EU-27, submissi<strong>on</strong>2009 situati<strong>on</strong> / problems / wishes, Energy PolicyEHP meeting, Budapest, 11 September 2008,www.lsta.lt/files/seminarai/080911_Budapestas/CZ.pdf237
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>12th</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>,September 5 th to September 7 th , 2010, Tallinn, Est<strong>on</strong>iaCONSIDERATIONS AND CALCULATIONS ON SYSTEM EFFICIENCIES OF HEATINGSYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS CONNECTED TO DISTRICT HEATINGMaria Justo Al<strong>on</strong>so 1 , Rolf Ulseth 2 <strong>and</strong> Jacob Stang 11SINTEF Energy Research, Department of Energy Processes2NTNU, Faculty of Engineering Science <strong>and</strong> Technology,Department of Energy <strong>and</strong> Process EngineeringABSTRACTIn order to harm<strong>on</strong>ize the implementati<strong>on</strong> of the ECDirective <strong>on</strong> the energy performance of buildings(EPBD) [1], <strong>and</strong> to provide guidelines <strong>and</strong> comm<strong>on</strong>calculati<strong>on</strong> tools, several technical st<strong>and</strong>ards havebeen worked out by CEN in accordance with am<strong>and</strong>ate from the EC. This paper focuses <strong>on</strong>calculating system efficiencies of hydr<strong>on</strong>ic heatingsystems by using the st<strong>and</strong>ards EN 15316-x-x [4], [5],[6].The paper has been written in order to ease <strong>and</strong>diminish the time c<strong>on</strong>suming process of interpretingdetails in the st<strong>and</strong>ards such as the numbered EN15316-x-x, <strong>and</strong> with the goal to enlighten main parts ofthese st<strong>and</strong>ards.To exemplify some results, an apartment building of1000 m 2 floor area located in a climate like Oslo ischosen. In the base case, the design distributi<strong>on</strong>temperatures in the building are 80/60. The differentefficiency figures applying for this case are calculatedefficiency values for the producti<strong>on</strong> of the heat, for itsdistributi<strong>on</strong> through the building <strong>and</strong> its emissi<strong>on</strong> in theroom. The room efficiency is the <strong>on</strong>e that has thebigger influence <strong>on</strong> the total system efficiency.INTRODUCTIONThe Directive <strong>on</strong> the energy performance of buildings iscarried out in order to be used together with a numberof EN-st<strong>and</strong>ards. The main goal of the Directive is topromote the improvement of the energy performance ofbuildings within the Community, taken into accountoutdoor climatic <strong>and</strong> local c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s as well as indoorclimate requirements <strong>and</strong> cost-effectiveness. The mainfocus is <strong>on</strong> reducing the primary energy use <strong>and</strong> theassociated CO 2 emissi<strong>on</strong> of buildings.Figure 1 shows how the Primary energy use iscalculated based <strong>on</strong> all the steps where the energy ischanging its nature from the source to the end use. Inthe current case, the energy calculati<strong>on</strong>s are performedfor the systems within the building to be able tocalculate the delivered energy to the building. Thismeans that the building substati<strong>on</strong> with the heatexchangers <strong>and</strong> tap water storage are included.In the current scenario, all the losses before the heat isdelivered to the building are included in the primaryenergy factor (PEF) for the delivered heat. In case ofc<strong>on</strong>sidering the complete scenario, the boundaries forthe energy performance indicators are the wholeenergy chain from the source to the end use. In thiscase, if a CHP plant is represented, the ―power b<strong>on</strong>usmethod‖ (EN 15316-4-5) should be used. This methodis giving the produced district heat a b<strong>on</strong>us for theelectricity produced assuming that this electricityreplaces electricity producti<strong>on</strong> with a high PEF-value.According to the implementati<strong>on</strong> of EPBD, it is crucialthat the system borders are clearly defined so that thedelivered energy is doubtlessly defined.Calculati<strong>on</strong> of Primary Energy use according to EPBD <strong>and</strong> m<strong>and</strong>ated EN-st<strong>and</strong>ardsPrimary energy use = DEdh • PEFdh (f (x,y,z)) +DEel • PEFel (f (x,y,z)) = (Weighted delivered energy indicator (kWh/m 2 )) • A CDelivered Energy (DE)dh +el(PEF might be PEF R or PEF T depending <strong>on</strong> purpose)( A C = c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ed floor Area )Net energy dem<strong>and</strong>Primary energy use calculated by PEF(x,y,z)ElectricityHot tap waterAir <strong>and</strong> room +heating systemDH substati<strong>on</strong>End usedem<strong>and</strong> !<strong>Heating</strong>systemsDistributi<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong>Transmissi<strong>on</strong>(el)Delivered energy (el)Delivered energy (dh)Distributi<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong>Transmissi<strong>on</strong> (dh)•CHP-plantHeat boilersStorageGenerati<strong>on</strong>Transformati<strong>on</strong>Energy carrier (z)Energy carrier (y)Energy carrier (x)Transportati<strong>on</strong>Waste coll.LoggingExtracti<strong>on</strong>ProcessingStorage2010/ 04/RUCalculating end use <strong>and</strong> losses by ENst<strong>and</strong>ards worked out according to m<strong>and</strong>ate from the EU Commissi<strong>on</strong><strong>Heating</strong> systems efficiencyCalculating directi<strong>on</strong>System border for the energy performance indicators is the whole energy chain from the source to the end useFigure 1.- Sketch of the calculati<strong>on</strong> of Primary Energy use according to EPBD <strong>and</strong> m<strong>and</strong>ate EN-st<strong>and</strong>ardsFigure 1 Sketch of the calculati<strong>on</strong> of Primary Energy Use according to EPBD <strong>and</strong> m<strong>and</strong>ate EN-st<strong>and</strong>ards238
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academic access is facilitated as t
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