12th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling

The <strong>12th</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> on District Heating and Cooling,September 5 th to September 7 th , 2010, Tallinn, Estoniathe first three correlate to specific building types (singlefamily houses in urban and rural areas and multi-familyhouses each described as existing stock and newbuild). The commercial sector is represented by asimilar reference energy system (RES) and consists ofnine demand categories (space heating, cooling, hotwater, cooking, refrigeration, lighting, public streetlighting, other electrics, other energy use). The firstthree of them are subdivided according to differentbuilding types (large/small).The agricultural sector is described by a generalprocess with a mix of several energy carriers as inputand an aggregated demand of end use energy asoutput.The industrial sector is subdivided into severalbranches (for example, iron and steel, cement, lime…)and into energy intensive and non-intensive branches.While the intensive ones are modelled by a processorientated approach, the other industries have a similarstructure but with five energy services (process heat,steam, machinery drive, electrochemical, others)..The generation of electricity and heat in power plants,CHPs and heating plants is differentiated into publicand industrial production. The model contains threedifferent voltage levels of electricity (high voltage,medium voltage, low voltage) and two independentheat grids (district heat, local heat).In the supply sector, all primary energy resources(crude oil, natural gas, hard coal, lignite) are modelledby supply curves with several cost steps. Threecategories can be differentiated: discovered reserves(or developed sources), growth of reserves (orsecondary and tertiary extraction) and new discoveries.Additionally, seven bio energy carriers aredifferentiated: matured forest, bio gas, householdwaste, industrial waste, as well as energy plantscontaining sugary, starchy and lignocelluloses..Due to its regional resolution, TIMES PanEU allows theconsideration of country specific features, for exampledifferent structures of the stock of power plants,different extension potentials for renewables as well aspotentials for storing CO 2 . An interregional electricitytrade is implemented in the model, so that exports andimports of electricity according to the existing bordercapacities could be calculated endogenously in themodel.The role of CHP and district heating will be influencedin the future by the heating demand for the heat, spaceheating and cooling processes. The following chaptersdescribe the status and the assumed development forEurope.Industrial heat demand by temperature and subsectorin the EU27The particular sub-sectors of the industrial sector usedifferent chemical and physical conversion processes.Therefore, they need heat on different temperaturelevels (Figure 1). Processes with a need for very hightemperatures (> 1400 °C) are e.g. blast furnaces(iron/steel industry) or kilns (cement or lime industry).Processes with lower temperature levels occur in thefood/tobacco (sugar production, dairy) industry, otherindustries or in general for the supply of space heatingand hot water. Also, the pulp/paper industry has a highneed for heat at a lower temperature level (< 100 °C).Most of the heat is produced by the combustion offuels. Other heat is generated by the use of electricity.Key processes using electricity for high temperatureheat are chlorine electrolysis, aluminium electrolysis,electric arc processes (iron/steel) and copperelectrolysis.Final energy consumption [PJ]2,5002,0001,5001,00050000-6060-100100-120120-180180-240240-300300-360360-420420-480480-540Figure 1: Final energy consumption for industrial heatproduction by temperature and sub-sector in the EU-27in 2005540-600600-700700-800800-900900-10001000-11001100-12001200-13001300-14001400-1500> 1500OthersFood/TabaccoPulp/PaperOth. non-metallicmineralsGlass flatGlass hollowLimeCementOth. chemicalsChlorineAmmoniaOth. non-ferrousmetalsCopperAluminiumIron/SteelOn the country level, the role of the different memberstates concerning a particular temperature leveldepends on the structure of the industrial sector in thatcountry. In general, the final energy consumption forheat production at a specific temperature level isdominated by the bigger member states and membersof the EU-15 like Germany, Italy, UK, France andSpain. However, new member states like Poland,Czech Republic or Romania also play an significantrole. Some countries only play a key role at single subsectorsand thus only for some temperature levels.The lower temperature levels are dominated by theindustrial sub-sectors pulp/paper, food/tobacco andothers. Due to high activities in those areas, theheating demand is clearly influenced by France (strongfor food/tobacco), Sweden and Finland (strong forpulp/paper) next to other big countries like Germany,Italy and UK. Italy and Spain play a large role,especially at very high temperatures, due to their highamount of cement production. In the Netherlands, the230