The <str<strong>on</strong>g>12th</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>,September 5 th to September 7 th , 2010, Tallinn, Est<strong>on</strong>iaHEAT PRICE CALCULATIONSCalculati<strong>on</strong>s of heat prices are provided incorresp<strong>on</strong>dence with principles described in secti<strong>on</strong>Principles for evaluati<strong>on</strong> of CHP technologiescompetitiveness.Heat prices are evaluated for different scenarios.Scenarios include described heat dem<strong>and</strong>s, c<strong>on</strong>sideredfuels <strong>and</strong> technologies.Heat prices are calculated for 7% <strong>and</strong> 12% IRR.Heat price for CHP plant developing scenarios whichsatisfy the requirements described in regulati<strong>on</strong> [X],which define c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s for grant payments to exp<strong>and</strong>renewable energy producti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> of CHPplants in Est<strong>on</strong>ia, are calculated separately.For calculating heat prices in additi<strong>on</strong> to informati<strong>on</strong>from previous paper secti<strong>on</strong>s, some other figures haveto be specified: Cash flows are calculated for 20 years; CHP starts energy producti<strong>on</strong> in the beginning of2013; Expected rate of inflati<strong>on</strong> is 1.5%; Heat loses in district heating network are 15%; Heat load profile is estimated based <strong>on</strong> heat loadmodel described in [15] taking as a basis the heatload durati<strong>on</strong> curve shape of Tallinn.The results matrix of heat price calculati<strong>on</strong>s is shown inTable 2.CONCLUSIONThe technologies for smaller CHP applicati<strong>on</strong>s aremore expensive (specific price) <strong>and</strong> less efficient thanthose for larger CHP plants.At present peat is c<strong>on</strong>sidered as a good alternative forwood chips. Lower fuel price (11.7 EUR/MWh) smoothover higher than for wood chips ash h<strong>and</strong>ling costs <strong>and</strong>polluti<strong>on</strong> charges. At the same time wood chips aremore preferable because of higher feed-in tariffs forproduced electricity.The advantages of gas engine CHP plants arerelatively low investment costs <strong>and</strong> high electricalefficiency. But because of high natural gas price(MWhfuel price is 2.5–3 times higher than for woodchips <strong>and</strong> peat) <strong>and</strong> relatively high fixed O&M costs thecalculated heat prices are the highest. Heat price forexpected 7% IRR is between 53 <strong>and</strong>61 EURO/MWhheat depending <strong>on</strong> heat dem<strong>and</strong>.Under 5 MWel ORC is competitive to SE/STtechnology. Calculated heat prices are lower for1–4 EURO/MWhfuel, where higher fuel price differencecorresp<strong>on</strong>ds to places with lower heat dem<strong>and</strong>s.Heat prices for places with annual heat dem<strong>and</strong> under20 000 MWh are mainly above 45 EURO/MWhfuelwhere an average heat prices for biomass boilerhouses are between 40–45 EURO/MWh [16].Developing of CHP plants in such heat dem<strong>and</strong> areasis feasible in the case of receiving of grant paymentsfor investments.CHP plant development based <strong>on</strong> wood chips or peatcould be feasible without grant payments in the placeswhere heat dem<strong>and</strong> exceed 3000-40000 MWh annual.Carefully selected CHP technology <strong>and</strong> capacity canafford higher IRR when keeping competitive heatprices.The most feasible places for CHP expansi<strong>on</strong> in Est<strong>on</strong>iaare Maardu, Vilj<strong>and</strong>i, Rakvere, Valga, Haapsalu, Võru,Paide <strong>and</strong> Põlva.Calculati<strong>on</strong> results are valid for assumed cases <strong>on</strong>ly.Other particular cases should be calculatedindividually.REFERENCES[1] C. Dötsch <strong>and</strong> A. Jentsch, ―<strong>District</strong> heating (DH) inareas with low heat dem<strong>and</strong> density (HDD):A chance for the integrati<strong>on</strong> of renewable energysources (RES)‖, 10th <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong><strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>, 3–5, September2006, p. 2www: http://www.lsta.lt/files/events/20_doetsch.pdf[20.01.2010][2] Electricity Market Act www:https://www.riigiteataja.ee/ert/act.jsp?id=13279771[14.05.2010][3] Schwaiger, H., Jungmeier, G, (2007) Overview ofCHP plants in Europe <strong>and</strong> Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) of GHG emissi<strong>on</strong>s for Biomass <strong>and</strong> FossilFuel CHP Systems CIBE C<strong>on</strong>ference„Cogénérati<strong>on</strong> biomasse dans l'industrie et sur lesréseaux de chaleur opportunités – retoursd'expérience-perspectives―[4] Obernberger, I., Thek, G, Techno-ec<strong>on</strong>omicevoluati<strong>on</strong> of selected decentralised CHPappicati<strong>on</strong>s based <strong>on</strong> biomass combusti<strong>on</strong> in IEApartner countries Graz (2010)[5] Brys<strong>on</strong>, T., Major, W., Darrow, Ken. Assessment ofOn-Site Power. Opportunities in the IndustrialSector, Carlsbad (2001) www:http://www.uschpa.org/files/public/Assessment%20of%20Onsite%20Power%2001.pdf[14.05.2009][6] Kirjavainen, M., Sipilä, K., Savola, T. Small-scalebiomass CHP technologies. Situati<strong>on</strong> in Finl<strong>and</strong>,Denmark <strong>and</strong> Sweden, VTT Processes (2004)271
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>12th</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Symposium</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>District</strong> <strong>Heating</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Cooling</strong>,September 5 th to September 7 th , 2010, Tallinn, Est<strong>on</strong>iawww:http://www.opetchp.net/download/wp2/small_scale_biomass_chp_technologies.pdf [14.05.2010][7] Institute for Thermal Turbomachinery <strong>and</strong> MachineDynamics, Cogenerati<strong>on</strong> (CHP) TechnologyPortrait, Vienna (2002) www:http://www.energytech.at/pdf/techportrait_kwk_en.pdf[14.05.2010][8] U. S. Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Protecti<strong>on</strong> Agency CombinedHeat <strong>and</strong> Power Partnership, Biomass CombinedHeat <strong>and</strong> Power Catalog of Technologies, (2007)www:http://www.epa.gov/chp/documents/biomass_chp_catalog.pdf [14.05.2010][9] Est<strong>on</strong>ian Institute of Ec<strong>on</strong>omic research www:http://www.ki.ee [14.05.2010][10] Statistics Est<strong>on</strong>ia www: www.stat.ee [14.05.2010][11] Paappanen, T., Lein<strong>on</strong>en,A. Fuel peat industry inEU, 2005, p. 134 www:http://turbaliit.ee/index.php?picfile=21 [14.05.2010][12] Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Charges Act, [14.05.2010] www:http://www.riigiteataja.ee/ert/act.jsp?id=13316043[14.05.2010][13] Procedure <strong>and</strong> Methods for Determining Emissi<strong>on</strong>sof Pollutants from Combusti<strong>on</strong> Plants into AmbientAir www:http://www.riigiteataja.ee/ert/act.jsp?id=789462[14.05.2010][14] Välisõhu eralduva süsinikdioksiidi heitkogusemääramismeetod www:http://www.riigiteataja.ee/ert/act.jsp?id=127572 15[14.05.2010][15] Latõšov, E., Siirde, A. (2010). Heat load model forsmall-scale CHP planning. In: Proceedings of<str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>ference <strong>on</strong> Renewable Energies<strong>and</strong> Power Quality: <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>ference <strong>on</strong>Renewable Energies <strong>and</strong> Power Quality(ICREPQ‘10), Granada (Spain), 23-25th March,2010., 2010.[16] Est<strong>on</strong>ian Competiti<strong>on</strong> Authorities approved districtheat maximum prices (without VAT) to end-userswww:http://www.k<strong>on</strong>kurentsiamet.ee/file.php?15416[14.05.2010]272
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