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de la evaluación en Europa y en América Latina

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B<strong>la</strong>nca Lázaro<br />

<strong>de</strong>l sector público (Wollmann, citado por Stame, 2012) –reforzar el li<strong>de</strong>razgo <strong>de</strong>l Primer<br />

Ministro y <strong>de</strong> los alcal<strong>de</strong>s, <strong>de</strong>sc<strong>en</strong>tralización <strong>de</strong> compet<strong>en</strong>cias a <strong>la</strong>s regiones, transpar<strong>en</strong>cia,<br />

<strong>de</strong>mocratización, participación ciudadana…– y también otras inspiradas <strong>en</strong> el New Public<br />

Managem<strong>en</strong>t –como <strong>la</strong> externalización <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> provisión <strong>de</strong> servicios, <strong>la</strong> ag<strong>en</strong>cialización, <strong>la</strong><br />

sujeción al <strong>de</strong>recho <strong>la</strong>boral <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> contratación <strong>de</strong> directivos y gestores públicos…-.<br />

Una reforma <strong>de</strong> especial importancia fue <strong>la</strong> ori<strong>en</strong>tada a <strong>de</strong>limitar más c<strong>la</strong>ram<strong>en</strong>te los<br />

ámbitos <strong>de</strong> actuación política y administrativa o <strong>de</strong> gestión pública. Ello llevó a <strong>la</strong><br />

contratación <strong>de</strong> directivos y gestores públicos prov<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong>l exterior <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Administración,<br />

a través <strong>de</strong> contratos sometidos al <strong>de</strong>recho privado, con duración limitada<br />

y que conllevaban <strong>la</strong> fijación <strong>de</strong> objetivos y el seguimi<strong>en</strong>to y <strong>evaluación</strong> <strong>de</strong>l grado<br />

<strong>de</strong> éxito alcanzado. Este tipo <strong>de</strong> vínculo comportó más autonomía <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> gestión por<br />

parte <strong>de</strong> estos directivos y gestores, y también <strong>la</strong> creación <strong>de</strong> unida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> <strong>evaluación</strong><br />

<strong>en</strong> todas <strong>la</strong>s administraciones (ori<strong>en</strong>tadas a <strong>la</strong> <strong>evaluación</strong> <strong>de</strong>l r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to o Performance<br />

Measurem<strong>en</strong>t.<br />

Sin embargo, esas reformas han t<strong>en</strong>ido un éxito limitado: los políticos han continuado<br />

influy<strong>en</strong>do <strong>de</strong> forma <strong>de</strong>cisiva <strong>en</strong> el nombrami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> directivos y gestores públicos,<br />

que son removidos <strong>de</strong> sus cargos cuando los primeros cambian. Bassanini ofrece un<br />

ba<strong>la</strong>nce elocu<strong>en</strong>te y amargo:<br />

“Accountability, merit, performance assessm<strong>en</strong>t are still the exception, not the rule; they have<br />

be<strong>en</strong> overwhelmed by the spoils system, by the scattershot distribution of performance bonuses,<br />

by the explosion of the costs of politics, by the resistance of an <strong>en</strong>tr<strong>en</strong>ched bureaucratic<br />

culture, by the conservatism of the bodies responsible for auditing, by the inability of the<br />

political c<strong>la</strong>ss to conceive of public policies in terms of strategies, objectives and quantifiable,<br />

measurable results”. (Bassanini, 2009, pág. 375)<br />

En particu<strong>la</strong>r con re<strong>la</strong>ción a <strong>la</strong> <strong>evaluación</strong> <strong>de</strong>l r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to, el mismo autor seña<strong>la</strong> que <strong>la</strong>s<br />

principales reformas, cont<strong>en</strong>idas <strong>en</strong> el Decreto legis<strong>la</strong>tivo 80/1998, establecían que<br />

“…for each administration the political authorities are responsible for <strong>de</strong>fining public policies,<br />

trans<strong>la</strong>ting them into strategic gui<strong>de</strong>lines, setting precise, quantified goals, and introducing<br />

objective, reliable systems of evaluation; that administrators are completely autonomous<br />

and accountable for managing their units; that careers, promotions, removal from<br />

position, and ev<strong>en</strong> a part of pay must be re<strong>la</strong>ted to results; and that public employees can be<br />

dismissed un<strong>de</strong>r the same rules that prevail in private <strong>la</strong>w”.<br />

En cuanto a sus resultados:<br />

“…only a few administrations have applied them with conviction. The objectives, wh<strong>en</strong> they<br />

exist, are oft<strong>en</strong> g<strong>en</strong>eric and vague; performance is either not measured at all or is assessed in<br />

purely summary and discretionary fashion…” (Bassanini, 2009 págs. 379-381)<br />

64

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