Superconducting Technology Assessment - nitrd

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Some studies, such as those at Intel, and a number of universities, are aimed a ultra-short reach applications, such chip to chip and on-board communications. These are of little interest for a superconductive computer. The major advantage of optics is in the regime of backplane or inter-cabinet interconnects where the low attenuation, high bandwidth, and small form factor of optical fibers dominate; in the case of a superconductive processor, the thermal advantages of glass vs. copper are also very important. The large scale of a superconductive based petaflop class computer plays a major role in the choice of interconnect technology. Since a petaflop computer is a very large machine, on the scale of tens of meters, the interconnects between the various elements will likely be optical. Furthermore, the number of individual data streams will be very large; one particular architecture, shown in Figure 2, would require 2 x 64 x 4096 = 524,288 data streams at 50 Gbps each between the superconductive processors and the SRAM cluster alone, and perhaps many times larger between higher levels. Only the small form factor of optical fibers along with the possibility of using optical Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is compatible with this large numbers of interconnections. The very low thermal conductivity of the 0.005” diameter glass fibers, compared to that of copper cables necessary to carry the same bandwidth represents a major reduction on the heat load at 4K, thereby reducing the wallplug power of the system substantially. HTMT 32x1 GW HRAMs 8x64 MW DRAM PIM CLUSTER 4x8 MW SRAM PIM CLUSTER U. of Notre Dame 128 KW CRAM THE CLUSTER VIEW OF HTMT DATA VORTEX 8 In + 1 Out Fiber per Cluster 1 In + 1 Out Fiber per Cluster 256 GFLOPS SPELL PIM Architecture Figure 2. Long path data signal transmission requirements for one proposed petaflop architecture. This would require over 500,000 data channels at 50 Gbps each, assuming 64 bit words. CNET 1 GW/s Wire 10 GW/s Fiber 20 GW/s RSFQ 64 GW/s Wire 256 GW/s RSFQ Fiber Modulator Chip Clusters Replicated 4096 times 215
1.2. CURRENT OPTICAL INTERCONNECT R&D EFFORTS Optical interconnect technology for distances of
Page 1 and 2:
SUPERCONDUCTING TECHNOLOGY ASSESSME
Page 3 and 4:
Summary of Findings The STA conclud
Page 5 and 6:
CHAPTER 02: ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERA
Page 7 and 8:
CHAPTER 06: SYSTEM INTEGRATION 6.1
Page 9 and 10:
INDEX OF FIGURES CHAPTER 01: INTROD
Page 11 and 12:
APPENDIX G: ISSUES AFFECTING RSFQ C
Page 13 and 14:
CONTENTS OF CD EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CH
Page 15 and 16:
LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT TECHNOLOGY C
Page 17 and 18:
State of the Industry Today, expert
Page 19 and 20:
01 This document presents the resul
Page 21 and 22:
1.2 LIMITATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL TEC
Page 23 and 24:
1.3.2 RSFQ ATTRIBUTES Important att
Page 25 and 26:
The end point of this roadmap defin
Page 27 and 28:
Structurally, a high-end computer w
Page 29 and 30:
16 ■ Chalmers University in Swede
Page 31 and 32:
Random Access Memory Options Random
Page 33 and 34:
Compact Package Feasible Thousands
Page 35 and 36:
MCMs The design of MCMs for SCE chi
Page 37 and 38:
02 No radical execution paradigm sh
Page 39 and 40:
The key challenges at the processor
Page 41 and 42:
2.2 MICROPROCESSORS - CURRENT STATU
Page 43 and 44:
2.2.3 CORE1 BIT-SERIAL MICROPROCESS
Page 45 and 46:
Potential Problems The initial vers
Page 47 and 48:
The microarchitecture of supercondu
Page 49 and 50:
2.5 MICROPROCESSORS - CONCLUSIONS A
Page 51:
2.7 MICROPROCESSORS - FUNDING In th
Page 54 and 55:
SUPERCONDUCTIVE RSFQ PROCESSOR AND
Page 56 and 57:
3.1 RSFQ PROCESSORS The panel devel
Page 58 and 59:
Circuits/ Organizations Flux-1/ NG,
Page 60 and 61:
3.1.2 RSFQ PROCESSORS - READINESS F
Page 62 and 63:
3.1.3 RSFQ PROCESSORS - ROADMAP The
Page 64 and 65:
3.1.5 RSFQ PROCESSORS - ISSUES AND
Page 66 and 67:
Since these memory concepts are so
Page 68 and 69:
Simulations show that the input int
Page 70 and 71:
SFQ RAM Status The results of five
Page 72 and 73:
Investment for SFQ Memory The inves
Page 74 and 75:
4MB MRAM BIT CELL: 1 MTJ & 1 TRANSL
Page 76 and 77:
The roadmap identifies early analyt
Page 78 and 79:
MRAM Major Issues and Concerns Mate
Page 80 and 81:
3.3 CAD TOOLS AND DESIGN METHODOLOG
Page 82 and 83:
Issues and Concerns Present simulat
Page 84 and 85:
Investment The investment estimated
Page 87 and 88:
04 By 2010 production capability fo
Page 89 and 90:
Table 4-1 summarizes the roadmap fo
Page 91 and 92:
4.1 SCE IC CHIP MANUFACTURING - SCO
Page 93 and 94:
Significant activity in the area of
Page 95 and 96:
4.3 SCE CHIP FABRICATION FOR HEC -
Page 97 and 98:
The superconductive IC chip fabrica
Page 99 and 100:
Table 4-6 shows how gate speed depe
Page 101 and 102:
Parameter spreads in superconductiv
Page 103 and 104:
4.6 ROADMAP AND FACILITIES STRATEGY
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 4-6. Timeline for developmen
Page 107 and 108:
A potential savings of ~40% in the
Page 109 and 110:
05 Packaging and chip-to-chip inter
Page 111 and 112:
98 Data Communication Requirement R
Page 113 and 114:
For further discussions of the opti
Page 115 and 116:
5.1.3 OPTICAL INTERCONNECT TECHNOLO
Page 117 and 118:
In this case, an optical receiver w
Page 119 and 120:
Examples of what has been achieved
Page 121 and 122:
5.3.4 OUTPUT: 4 K RSFQ TO ROOM TEMP
Page 123 and 124:
Figure 5-4. Superconducting 16x16 c
Page 125 and 126:
06 The design of secondary packagin
Page 127 and 128:
For this study, the readiness of th
Page 129 and 130:
6.1.3 MULTI-CHIP MODULES AND BOARDS
Page 131 and 132:
6.2. 3-D PACKAGING Conventional ele
Page 133 and 134:
6.2.3. 3-D PACKAGING - ISSUES AND C
Page 135 and 136:
Several companies have demonstrated
Page 137 and 138:
In selecting the cooling approach f
Page 139 and 140:
Another issue is the cost of the re
Page 141 and 142:
Some of the thermal and electrical
Page 143 and 144:
Optical interconnects may require t
Page 145 and 146:
6.6.4 SYSTEM INTEGRITY AND TESTING
Page 147 and 148:
Appendix A
Page 149 and 150:
■ Construct a detailed supercondu
Page 151 and 152:
Appendix B
Page 153 and 154:
140 George Cotter Nancy Welker Doc
Page 155 and 156:
Appendix C
Page 157 and 158:
144 TERMS/DEFINITIONS IHEC Integrat
Page 159 and 160:
Appendix D
Page 161 and 162:
The time-dependent behavior of this
Page 163 and 164:
RSFQ electronics is faster and diss
Page 165 and 166:
Similar to CMOS, the irreducible po
Page 167 and 168:
Appendix E
Page 169 and 170:
The report further identified four
Page 171 and 172:
Analog high temperature superconduc
Page 173 and 174:
Appendix F
Page 175 and 176:
Only one significant effort to arch
Page 177 and 178: Execution Models Organizing hardwar
Page 179 and 180: Development Issues and Approaches T
Page 181 and 182: Appendix G
Page 183 and 184: The two-junction comparator, the ba
Page 185 and 186: Bias Currents A major cause of degr
Page 187 and 188: Power and bias current Power is dis
Page 189 and 190: Appendix H
Page 191 and 192: SMT MRAM Another direct selection s
Page 193 and 194: Speed and Density The first planned
Page 195 and 196: 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 30 40 50 60 70
Page 197 and 198: Appendix I
Page 199 and 200: Table 1 Representative Nb and NbN-B
Page 201 and 202: ground plane may be located either
Page 203 and 204: Fig. 4. Junction fabrication proces
Page 205 and 206: Table 6 Junction Array Summary of T
Page 207 and 208: Fig. 11. Ground plane planarization
Page 209 and 210: B. Yield Yield measurements are an
Page 211 and 212: Fig. 17. Photograph of the FLUX-1r1
Page 213 and 214: [47] B. Bumble, H. G. LeDuc, J. A.
Page 215 and 216: Appendix J
Page 217 and 218: Fig. 2. The Schematic View describe
Page 219 and 220: Fig. 4. The VHDL View captures the
Page 221 and 222: Fig. 6. LMeter is specialized softw
Page 223 and 224: Fig. 8. Layout-versus-Schematic ver
Page 225 and 226: Appendix K
Page 227: 1. CURRENT STATUS OF OPTICAL INTERC
Page 231 and 232: If technology, power, or cost limit
Page 233 and 234: 3.4 COARSE VS. DENSE WAVE DIVISION
Page 235 and 236: 3.5 DEVELOPMENTS FOR LOW TEMPERATUR
Page 237 and 238: 5. ROADMAP The roadmap below shows
Page 239 and 240: Appendix L
Page 241 and 242: The bandwidth, chip density and int
Page 243 and 244: While using short flex cables is th
Page 245 and 246: We must note that the reparability
Page 247 and 248: Figure 7. A typical cryocooler encl
Page 249 and 250: Small Cryocoolers Among commercial
Page 251 and 252: Although cooling of the 4 K circuit
Page 253 and 254: Supplying DC current to all of the
Page 255 and 256: These properties enable the possibi
Page 257: For additional copies, please conta
show all

Superconducting Technology Assessment - nitrd

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?