Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

More documents

Recommendations

Info

escarpment and only there we find animal carvings. Their position seems to express a sort of wishful thinking in a hunting ritual. One animal figure is situated on a steeply sloping part below the fine cup-and-nine-rings and could only have been executed and properly viewed while standing on a narrow, often slippery ledge, dangerously close to the escarpment. The photo (Fig. 70) also shows the difference in depth between ringmarks, the animal and the zigzag groove. Further E and in similar positions are more animals, one with part of its head FIG. 70: ROCK II. superimposed upon a cup-and-two-rings (Fig. 69; inset 2, where this configuration is illustrated only seemingly upside-down; it is the actual position in respect to the escarpment just north of it). All these animal carvings have deliberately been executed very near the escarpment, whereas there is ample unused space elsewhere on the outcrop (Chapter 2.2.4). Also important is the keyhole figure at rock II (Fig. 71). A rather lightly pecked cup-and-three rings features a very small central cupule and a shallow radial groove at 5 o’clock. Almost touching this glyph are two deeply carved broad grooves with rather sharp edges that are not in line with the radial groove, distinctly added later and creating a so-called degraded keyhole. Carschenna is dramatically situated on a long rocky escarpment, high above the valley. The view from Carschenna is impressive, though not unequalled. There are no impressive peaks to be seen and no prominent landmarks. It overlooks the surprisingly flat valley floor of the Lower Rhine to the north. Yet there does not exist intervisibility with any other cup-and-ring site, as the nearest is at Tinizong, 15 km to the SE. FIG. 71: KEYHOLE AT ROCK II. * 1.4.1.2.3.1 The last area to be discussed is Wallis in Switzerland. There are more than 3500 cupmarks in this area but only one site has multiple ringmarks. At St. Leonard (16 in Fig. 58), at an altitude of 550 m, are found more than 200 cupmarks on an outcropping M. van HOEK: 98 GEOGRAPHY
idge called Crete des Barmes, only some 25 m above the valley floor of the river Rhône. There are very many of such outcrop ridges in this area, but only one other outcrop nearby bears ten cupmarks and two grooves. At Crete des Barmes, possibly up to nine cups are ringed with one or two rings (detail at Fig. 72). The ringmarks are hardly visible, being almost weathered off completely. Also carved on this rock are crudely meandering grooves (unlike the FIG. 72: ST. LEONARD. ones in Savoie), a footprint, squares and anthropomorphic figures from other periods; probably the Iron Age. The view from this site focuses mainly to the west and includes the three pointed hills on which the medieval town of Sion has been built. The views to the east and north are almost completely blocked. To the south however, looking across the Rhône valley, it is possible to see the entrance to the valley of Val d’Hérens, in which the biggest concentration of cup-and-rings of Wallis is found. Again it proves that entrances have been marked with petroglyphs. The entrance of this valley is moreover marked by a number of cupmarked rocks near Vex and Nax and further west, at Nendaz (18 in Fig. 58), there is a cupmarked rock with long grooves and possibly two incomplete rings. A long journey up the valley leads through rough terrain and only near Evolène (17 in Fig. 58) a small floodplain is reached, which stretches south for a few kilometres. At the valley floor, at 1380 m, there is (in the village of Evolène) a cup-and-groove stone, but the important group of petroglyphs is just east of the village, high up the mountain slope. The two sites are completely invisible from each other because of an inaccessible high cliff. To reach the cup-and-ring site one has to follow the plain to the south and then climb the mountain northwards, although there is a steep path below Villa nowadays. Whatever route you will follow, it involves a hard climb. Minor cupmarked rocks may indicate the approach from the south; the one at Villa unfortunately has been destroyed recently. Ultimately one reaches the sites at Alp Cotter at an altitude of 1980 m. There are nine FIG. 73: EVOLÉNE. cupmarked rocks close together at the M. van HOEK: 99 GEOGRAPHY
Page 1:
The World of Petroglyphs CD Special
Page 4 and 5:
Impressum: Stonewatch Society for c
Page 7 and 8:
M. van HOEK: GEOGRAPHY INDEX PART 1
Page 9 and 10:
lifetime job. For instance, it took
Page 11 and 12:
* 1.1.2 THE LIMITS OF THE SUBJECT *
Page 13 and 14:
geomorphologic characteristics of t
Page 15 and 16:
The Irish island has three major op
Page 17 and 18:
� CHAPTER 1.2.1 � THE KILMARTIN
Page 19 and 20:
It is certain that, also in the Kil
Page 21 and 22:
possible site of menhir 8 are surro
Page 23 and 24:
interfered with their observations.
Page 25 and 26:
* 1.2.1.2 PETROGLYPHS AND INTERVISI
Page 27 and 28:
* 1.2.1.2.1.1 The west route initia
Page 29 and 30:
and the possible landing site. View
Page 31 and 32:
photo photo photo FIG. 14: THE EAST
Page 33 and 34:
Achnabreck is a complex of nine wid
Page 35 and 36:
standing stone in Fig. 6) and for t
Page 37 and 38:
The situation in the study area dif
Page 39 and 40:
art sites in the study area (and el
Page 41 and 42:
major route through the interior, a
Page 43 and 44:
* 1.2.2.1.3 Still further east anot
Page 45 and 46:
the rock art groups as their ritual
Page 47 and 48:
elatively level land. These groups
Page 49 and 50:
top of a protruding rock shelter. I
Page 51 and 52:
map map map map map FIG. 26b: BRADL
Page 53 and 54: impossible that these two sites eve
Page 55 and 56: * 1.2.3.2.5 The group north of Roth
Page 57 and 58: illus FIGURE 32: VIEWS FROM THE CHA
Page 59 and 60: not mean that this has been intende
Page 61 and 62: concentrations of stone circles and
Page 63 and 64: my study area. Their distribution m
Page 65 and 66: on the coast opposite Muros peninsu
Page 67 and 68: illus FIGURE 39: PETROGLYPH SITES A
Page 69 and 70: FIG.42: SANTA TECLA, CASTRO. instan
Page 71 and 72: small bit of the Taxes valley (mark
Page 73 and 74: Moreover, from whatever direction t
Page 75 and 76: argue that all these sites command
Page 77 and 78: One petroglyph outcrop stone is eve
Page 79 and 80: � CHAPTER 1.3.2 � GARGAMALA, A
Page 81 and 82: FIGURE 52: VISIBILITY FROM THE SITE
Page 83 and 84: encircle the ridge. Also the distri
Page 85 and 86: idge, centring on sites 3 and 4. Wh
Page 87 and 88: APPENDIX 1 AN INVENTORY OF THE ROCK
Page 89 and 90: Group 7C. Described by COSTAS GOBER
Page 91 and 92: and is approximately 1 to 0.5 cm de
Page 93 and 94: � CHAPTER 1.4 � THE ALPS, THE B
Page 95 and 96: * 1.4.1.1.1 There indeed prove to b
Page 97 and 98: * 1.4.1.1.2 Although the Alps are r
Page 99 and 100: FIG. 63: PART OF COREN DE LE FATE,
Page 101 and 102: floodplain of the valley of the Upp
Page 103: This rock also features a small cup
Page 108 and 109: � CHAPTER 1.4.2 � ELVAS AND SPR
Page 110 and 111: photo photo photo photo FIG. 77: TH
Page 112 and 113: found linearly grouped along a stee
Page 114 and 115: undertaken (Figs 84 and 85). The tr
Page 116 and 117: FIGURE 87: SPRONS 2. The lack of ro
Page 118 and 119: especially dealing with the distrib
Page 120 and 121: In many rock art regions there seem
Page 122 and 123: occur in a vast area. Many cupules
Page 124 and 125: � CHAPTER 1.5.1 � DISTRIBUTION
Page 126 and 127: icecap first caused the land to sin
Page 128 and 129: the study area, especially in Swede
Page 132 and 133: illus. illus. FIG. 97: ROCK ART DIS
Page 134 and 135: islands in bays or in lake systems
Page 138 and 139: * 1.5.3.1.1 It is remarkable that r
Page 140 and 141: * 1.5.3.2.2 Probably the youngest r
Page 142 and 143: * 1.5.3.2.4.1 Almost every part of
Page 144 and 145: claiming the rock art at Helgaberg/
Page 146 and 147: This notch is also the first natura
Page 148 and 149: Another cupuled stone has been repo
Page 150 and 151: Swedish distribution moreover echoe
Page 152 and 153: APPENDIX 2. Spreadsheet summarising
Page 154 and 155:
APPENDIX 4. A HORDALAND (Area 2) 37
Page 156 and 157:
APPENDIX 6 There is always a proble
Page 159 and 160:
� CHAPTER 2.1 � DISTRIBUTION OF
Page 161 and 162:
centripetal pull. Not only impressi
Page 163 and 164:
* 2.1.1 THE ALPINE SITUATION * We a
Page 165 and 166:
* 2.1.2 THE BRITISH ISLES * Contrar
Page 167 and 168:
FIGURE 129. BALLOCHMYLE. THIS IS A
Page 169 and 170:
* 2.1.3 GALICIA * Unfortunately, th
Page 171 and 172:
The distribution in south Sweden is
Page 173 and 174:
� CHAPTER 2.2 � INSTANCES OF
Page 175 and 176:
G stops at motif D. This proves tha
Page 177 and 178:
example occurs at Gargamala 7J, Gal
Page 179 and 180:
“....but 3 is special. It is one
Page 181 and 182:
ILLUS FIGURE 140: ROCK ART ON TOP O
Page 183 and 184:
* 2.2.1.1.3 GREENLAND * Unfortunate
Page 185 and 186:
In my opinion, the Greenland raft o
Page 187 and 188:
FOSSUM VITLYCKE HERREBRO LÖKEBERG
Page 189 and 190:
on the same panel as the boat figur
Page 191 and 192:
Equally, cup-and-rings sometimes ha
Page 193 and 194:
Could this be an indication of a ma
Page 195 and 196:
Such human figures have been labell
Page 197 and 198:
earlier rosette figures and the cup
Page 199 and 200:
FIGURE 155: FINNTORP, PHASES OF ENG
Page 201 and 202:
solar symbolism as well. Later in t
Page 203 and 204:
� CHAPTER 2.2.4 � GALICIA: THE
Page 205 and 206:
animals, probably because of lack o
Page 207 and 208:
The fact that this is not the case,
Page 209 and 210:
FIGURE 161: OS CARBALLOS. M. van HO
Page 211 and 212:
� SCANDINAVIAN SOLAR ANIMALS �
Page 213 and 214:
of the two smaller animals at Lombo
Page 215 and 216:
For the rest, combinations of cup-a
Page 217 and 218:
place in rather peaceful cultures,
Page 219 and 220:
A B� FIG. 174: A: RI CRUIN CIST;
Page 221 and 222:
If indeed this engraving is a true
Page 223 and 224:
other sites known to depict weaponr
Page 225 and 226:
Illapel and La Silla belong to the
Page 227 and 228:
* 3.1.3 COMPLEX MOTIFS * From the a
Page 229 and 230:
� 3.2 THE CUP-AND-RING IN EUROPE
Page 231 and 232:
The best way to achieve and maintai
Page 233 and 234:
executed. This may explain why the
Page 235 and 236:
and it seems that cup-and-ring site
Page 237 and 238:
* 3.2.3 ENTRANCES TO THE SPIRIT WOR
Page 239 and 240:
suggested that cupules symbolise th
Page 241 and 242:
* 3.2.5 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CUPULES
Page 243 and 244:
These migrations and explorations c
Page 245 and 246:
andomly placed on the rocks, were e
Page 247 and 248:
Later in the Neolithic more revolut
Page 249 and 250:
The section below serves to acknowl
Page 251 and 252:
14. BEDNARIK, R. G. 1996. Early roc
Page 253 and 254:
39. COSTAS GOBERNA, F. J., NOVOA Á
Page 255 and 256:
63. MARK, R. & NEWMAN, E. 1995. Cup
Page 257 and 258:
88. PETTERSSON, J. & G. KRISTIANSSO
Page 259 and 260:
113. VAN HOEK, M. 1988b. Possible
Page 261:
137. VAN HOEK, M. & SMITH, C. 1988.
show all

Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?