Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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occur in a vast area. Many cupules are of the standard size; the great majority of the Scandinavian cupules, however, are small and uniform. Most of these small cupules are said to be of a Bronze Age date (Coles 1990: 17) or may even be later. This is most evident at sites where such cupules neatly fill in the spaces between (or strongly correspond with) typical Nordic Bronze Age figures. A classical example is found at the now covered site at Stenbacken, Bohuslän, Sweden, where hundreds of small, uniform cupules, often forming distinct rows, have been executed between Bronze Age boat engravings (Coles 1990: 79). Also the row of small, uniform cupules hovering above a typical Nordic boat at Jörlov, Bohuslän, Sweden, most likely are of the Bronze Age (Fig. 146.A). Again, it seems, linear arrangements of small uniform cupules post-date the random standard cupules. It would therefore be most interesting to obtain absolute dates for the two types of Scandinavian cupules (and indeed for many other European rock art sites) in order to confirm the theory that the two types of (Scandinavian) cupules indeed are chronologically separated. Unfortunately, there is hardly any absolute dating of petroglyphs available for European rock art sites. To my knowledge, only one cupule in Europe has been tentatively dated by microerosion analysis, and this example, from the Rupe Magna, Valtellina, Italy, turned out to be executed or at least re-worked in the Historical period (Bednarik 1997: 18). Despite this lack of scientific data for European petroglyphs, it seems, based on the stylistic evidence presented in this book, not to be too far fetched, to suggest that there indeed exists a chronological and functional distinction between the random standard cupules and organised small cupules, the latter supposedly being younger. This also seems to be the case at Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean. The majority of the cupules on this small and isolated island are of the small cupule-type and seem to belong to the last phases of a relatively short rock art tradition on the island (Van Hoek 2000a). This theory does not mean, however, that every standard cupule will be older than the small uniform cupule. It does not mean either that I wish to present this typological difference as a rigid rule dictating that specific arrangements of smaller cupules are always young(er). For instance, small cupules, distinctly arranged in pairs, occur on the Middle Palaeolithic limestone slab placed over burial 6 in La Ferrassie, France (Schwegler 1992: 10), refuting the idea of such a “rule”. It even proves that “paired-ness of marks is a feature repeatedly found in the earliest art production of Europe” (Bednarik 1993: 138, my emphasis). It must be admitted, however, that big cultural and chronological differences exist between the Neolithic and Bronze Age rock art traditions of Europe. Despite these differences it is still possible that, regardless of time and place, the execution of small uniform M. van HOEK: 116 GEOGRAPHY
cupules is fundamentally similar to comparable petroglyphic expressions elsewhere in the world, as the possibility of a parallel evolution may never be ruled out in this respect. For instance, the imitative magic of knocking on an object, a stone, a tree or even a person in order to turn away evil forces or to propitiate the deities is found in many cultures all over the world, for instance in South Africa, where there is an account of “a female beating the ground with a bored stone in order that the spirits of the game may intercede on her behalf to assist her husband who was going through a run of bad luck hunting” (Ouzman 1997: 88). The following two chapters will discuss the distribution patterns of Sweden and Norway and simultaneously the possibility that the Scandinavian cup-and-ring motif is much older than the suggested Bronze Age dating. Geographical distribution patterns form an important part of the evidence. But first I will discuss (next Chapter) the overall distribution of the Scandinavian cup-and-ring. M. van HOEK: 117 GEOGRAPHY
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The World of Petroglyphs CD Special
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Impressum: Stonewatch Society for c
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M. van HOEK: GEOGRAPHY INDEX PART 1
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lifetime job. For instance, it took
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* 1.1.2 THE LIMITS OF THE SUBJECT *
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geomorphologic characteristics of t
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The Irish island has three major op
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� CHAPTER 1.2.1 � THE KILMARTIN
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It is certain that, also in the Kil
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possible site of menhir 8 are surro
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interfered with their observations.
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* 1.2.1.2 PETROGLYPHS AND INTERVISI
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* 1.2.1.2.1.1 The west route initia
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and the possible landing site. View
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photo photo photo FIG. 14: THE EAST
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Achnabreck is a complex of nine wid
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standing stone in Fig. 6) and for t
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The situation in the study area dif
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art sites in the study area (and el
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major route through the interior, a
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* 1.2.2.1.3 Still further east anot
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the rock art groups as their ritual
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elatively level land. These groups
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top of a protruding rock shelter. I
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map map map map map FIG. 26b: BRADL
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impossible that these two sites eve
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* 1.2.3.2.5 The group north of Roth
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illus FIGURE 32: VIEWS FROM THE CHA
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not mean that this has been intende
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concentrations of stone circles and
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my study area. Their distribution m
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on the coast opposite Muros peninsu
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illus FIGURE 39: PETROGLYPH SITES A
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FIG.42: SANTA TECLA, CASTRO. instan
Page 71 and 72: small bit of the Taxes valley (mark
Page 73 and 74: Moreover, from whatever direction t
Page 75 and 76: argue that all these sites command
Page 77 and 78: One petroglyph outcrop stone is eve
Page 79 and 80: � CHAPTER 1.3.2 � GARGAMALA, A
Page 81 and 82: FIGURE 52: VISIBILITY FROM THE SITE
Page 83 and 84: encircle the ridge. Also the distri
Page 85 and 86: idge, centring on sites 3 and 4. Wh
Page 87 and 88: APPENDIX 1 AN INVENTORY OF THE ROCK
Page 89 and 90: Group 7C. Described by COSTAS GOBER
Page 91 and 92: and is approximately 1 to 0.5 cm de
Page 93 and 94: � CHAPTER 1.4 � THE ALPS, THE B
Page 95 and 96: * 1.4.1.1.1 There indeed prove to b
Page 97 and 98: * 1.4.1.1.2 Although the Alps are r
Page 99 and 100: FIG. 63: PART OF COREN DE LE FATE,
Page 101 and 102: floodplain of the valley of the Upp
Page 103 and 104: This rock also features a small cup
Page 105 and 106: idge called Crete des Barmes, only
Page 108 and 109: � CHAPTER 1.4.2 � ELVAS AND SPR
Page 110 and 111: photo photo photo photo FIG. 77: TH
Page 112 and 113: found linearly grouped along a stee
Page 114 and 115: undertaken (Figs 84 and 85). The tr
Page 116 and 117: FIGURE 87: SPRONS 2. The lack of ro
Page 118 and 119: especially dealing with the distrib
Page 120 and 121: In many rock art regions there seem
Page 124 and 125: � CHAPTER 1.5.1 � DISTRIBUTION
Page 126 and 127: icecap first caused the land to sin
Page 128 and 129: the study area, especially in Swede
Page 132 and 133: illus. illus. FIG. 97: ROCK ART DIS
Page 134 and 135: islands in bays or in lake systems
Page 138 and 139: * 1.5.3.1.1 It is remarkable that r
Page 140 and 141: * 1.5.3.2.2 Probably the youngest r
Page 142 and 143: * 1.5.3.2.4.1 Almost every part of
Page 144 and 145: claiming the rock art at Helgaberg/
Page 146 and 147: This notch is also the first natura
Page 148 and 149: Another cupuled stone has been repo
Page 150 and 151: Swedish distribution moreover echoe
Page 152 and 153: APPENDIX 2. Spreadsheet summarising
Page 154 and 155: APPENDIX 4. A HORDALAND (Area 2) 37
Page 156 and 157: APPENDIX 6 There is always a proble
Page 159 and 160: � CHAPTER 2.1 � DISTRIBUTION OF
Page 161 and 162: centripetal pull. Not only impressi
Page 163 and 164: * 2.1.1 THE ALPINE SITUATION * We a
Page 165 and 166: * 2.1.2 THE BRITISH ISLES * Contrar
Page 167 and 168: FIGURE 129. BALLOCHMYLE. THIS IS A
Page 169 and 170: * 2.1.3 GALICIA * Unfortunately, th
Page 171 and 172: The distribution in south Sweden is
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� CHAPTER 2.2 � INSTANCES OF
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G stops at motif D. This proves tha
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example occurs at Gargamala 7J, Gal
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“....but 3 is special. It is one
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ILLUS FIGURE 140: ROCK ART ON TOP O
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* 2.2.1.1.3 GREENLAND * Unfortunate
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In my opinion, the Greenland raft o
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FOSSUM VITLYCKE HERREBRO LÖKEBERG
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on the same panel as the boat figur
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Equally, cup-and-rings sometimes ha
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Could this be an indication of a ma
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Such human figures have been labell
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earlier rosette figures and the cup
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FIGURE 155: FINNTORP, PHASES OF ENG
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solar symbolism as well. Later in t
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� CHAPTER 2.2.4 � GALICIA: THE
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animals, probably because of lack o
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The fact that this is not the case,
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FIGURE 161: OS CARBALLOS. M. van HO
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� SCANDINAVIAN SOLAR ANIMALS �
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of the two smaller animals at Lombo
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For the rest, combinations of cup-a
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place in rather peaceful cultures,
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A B� FIG. 174: A: RI CRUIN CIST;
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If indeed this engraving is a true
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other sites known to depict weaponr
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Illapel and La Silla belong to the
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* 3.1.3 COMPLEX MOTIFS * From the a
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� 3.2 THE CUP-AND-RING IN EUROPE
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The best way to achieve and maintai
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executed. This may explain why the
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and it seems that cup-and-ring site
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* 3.2.3 ENTRANCES TO THE SPIRIT WOR
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suggested that cupules symbolise th
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* 3.2.5 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CUPULES
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These migrations and explorations c
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andomly placed on the rocks, were e
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Later in the Neolithic more revolut
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The section below serves to acknowl
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14. BEDNARIK, R. G. 1996. Early roc
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39. COSTAS GOBERNA, F. J., NOVOA Á
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63. MARK, R. & NEWMAN, E. 1995. Cup
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88. PETTERSSON, J. & G. KRISTIANSSO
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113. VAN HOEK, M. 1988b. Possible
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137. VAN HOEK, M. & SMITH, C. 1988.
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Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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