Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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islands in bays or in lake systems”. “No less than 79,9 % of the rock carving sites ..... have a direct contact with this water level” (Burenhult 1980: 30). This is also the case in nearly all instances where cup-and-rings are involved, like in the area around Norrköping (Fig. 95), which may have been a landing area at the head of the fjord at a point where it directly connected with a large lake. The cup-and-ring sites in this small area (Figs 95 and 100) are all found relatively far from the present water level on low hillocks, some of which may have been islands in prehistoric times; a situation that may be compared FIG. 100: CUP-AND-RING ART NEAR NORRKÖPING. with the siting of rock art at Tjörn. Engravings of a later date in this area are often found closer to the present day water level; a feature common in other parts of Scandinavia (e.g. Fjösna, Hordaland). Also Burenhult makes a distinction between rock art motifs close to the prehistoric water level and those further inland. The latter group almost exclusively consists of cupules, soles of feet and chariots (1980: 34). In my opinion especially many of these cupules (the chariots and feet being added in the Bronze Age) may have been executed by the Neolithic migrants. Later in the Neolithic ringmarks developed around existing or newly carved cupules, particularly at important key areas, like convenient landing places. But it must be noted that in Sweden (unlike Norway) there are no true cup-and-ring sites like we have seen in the British Isles, Galicia and the Alpine area. However, it is safe to state that, like in the British Isles, Galicia and the Alps, the cup-and-ring motifs of Sweden (and indeed of the whole study area), are strongly access-related in sense of movement of mobile peoples across seascapes and landscapes. The same pattern emerges in the next study area, the Hordaland Region of Norway. This area will be discussed in the next Chapter. M. van HOEK: 128 GEOGRAPHY
map FIG. 101: THE HORDALAND REGION OF NORWAY, ( AREA 2 ON FIG. 91 ). Illus. SECTION 1 IN THE PIE-CHART REPRESENTS THE ETNE AREA, WHERE 82 % OF THE CUP-AND-RINGS OF THE HORDALAND REGION ARE FOUND. M. van HOEK: 129 GEOGRAPHY
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The World of Petroglyphs CD Special
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Impressum: Stonewatch Society for c
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M. van HOEK: GEOGRAPHY INDEX PART 1
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lifetime job. For instance, it took
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* 1.1.2 THE LIMITS OF THE SUBJECT *
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geomorphologic characteristics of t
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The Irish island has three major op
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� CHAPTER 1.2.1 � THE KILMARTIN
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It is certain that, also in the Kil
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possible site of menhir 8 are surro
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interfered with their observations.
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* 1.2.1.2 PETROGLYPHS AND INTERVISI
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* 1.2.1.2.1.1 The west route initia
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and the possible landing site. View
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photo photo photo FIG. 14: THE EAST
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Achnabreck is a complex of nine wid
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standing stone in Fig. 6) and for t
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The situation in the study area dif
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art sites in the study area (and el
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major route through the interior, a
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* 1.2.2.1.3 Still further east anot
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the rock art groups as their ritual
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elatively level land. These groups
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top of a protruding rock shelter. I
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map map map map map FIG. 26b: BRADL
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impossible that these two sites eve
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* 1.2.3.2.5 The group north of Roth
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illus FIGURE 32: VIEWS FROM THE CHA
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not mean that this has been intende
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concentrations of stone circles and
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my study area. Their distribution m
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on the coast opposite Muros peninsu
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illus FIGURE 39: PETROGLYPH SITES A
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FIG.42: SANTA TECLA, CASTRO. instan
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small bit of the Taxes valley (mark
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Moreover, from whatever direction t
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argue that all these sites command
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One petroglyph outcrop stone is eve
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� CHAPTER 1.3.2 � GARGAMALA, A
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FIGURE 52: VISIBILITY FROM THE SITE
Page 83 and 84: encircle the ridge. Also the distri
Page 85 and 86: idge, centring on sites 3 and 4. Wh
Page 87 and 88: APPENDIX 1 AN INVENTORY OF THE ROCK
Page 89 and 90: Group 7C. Described by COSTAS GOBER
Page 91 and 92: and is approximately 1 to 0.5 cm de
Page 93 and 94: � CHAPTER 1.4 � THE ALPS, THE B
Page 95 and 96: * 1.4.1.1.1 There indeed prove to b
Page 97 and 98: * 1.4.1.1.2 Although the Alps are r
Page 99 and 100: FIG. 63: PART OF COREN DE LE FATE,
Page 101 and 102: floodplain of the valley of the Upp
Page 103 and 104: This rock also features a small cup
Page 105 and 106: idge called Crete des Barmes, only
Page 108 and 109: � CHAPTER 1.4.2 � ELVAS AND SPR
Page 110 and 111: photo photo photo photo FIG. 77: TH
Page 112 and 113: found linearly grouped along a stee
Page 114 and 115: undertaken (Figs 84 and 85). The tr
Page 116 and 117: FIGURE 87: SPRONS 2. The lack of ro
Page 118 and 119: especially dealing with the distrib
Page 120 and 121: In many rock art regions there seem
Page 122 and 123: occur in a vast area. Many cupules
Page 124 and 125: � CHAPTER 1.5.1 � DISTRIBUTION
Page 126 and 127: icecap first caused the land to sin
Page 128 and 129: the study area, especially in Swede
Page 132 and 133: illus. illus. FIG. 97: ROCK ART DIS
Page 138 and 139: * 1.5.3.1.1 It is remarkable that r
Page 140 and 141: * 1.5.3.2.2 Probably the youngest r
Page 142 and 143: * 1.5.3.2.4.1 Almost every part of
Page 144 and 145: claiming the rock art at Helgaberg/
Page 146 and 147: This notch is also the first natura
Page 148 and 149: Another cupuled stone has been repo
Page 150 and 151: Swedish distribution moreover echoe
Page 152 and 153: APPENDIX 2. Spreadsheet summarising
Page 154 and 155: APPENDIX 4. A HORDALAND (Area 2) 37
Page 156 and 157: APPENDIX 6 There is always a proble
Page 159 and 160: � CHAPTER 2.1 � DISTRIBUTION OF
Page 161 and 162: centripetal pull. Not only impressi
Page 163 and 164: * 2.1.1 THE ALPINE SITUATION * We a
Page 165 and 166: * 2.1.2 THE BRITISH ISLES * Contrar
Page 167 and 168: FIGURE 129. BALLOCHMYLE. THIS IS A
Page 169 and 170: * 2.1.3 GALICIA * Unfortunately, th
Page 171 and 172: The distribution in south Sweden is
Page 173 and 174: � CHAPTER 2.2 � INSTANCES OF
Page 175 and 176: G stops at motif D. This proves tha
Page 177 and 178: example occurs at Gargamala 7J, Gal
Page 179 and 180: “....but 3 is special. It is one
Page 181 and 182: ILLUS FIGURE 140: ROCK ART ON TOP O
Page 183 and 184: * 2.2.1.1.3 GREENLAND * Unfortunate
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In my opinion, the Greenland raft o
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FOSSUM VITLYCKE HERREBRO LÖKEBERG
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on the same panel as the boat figur
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Equally, cup-and-rings sometimes ha
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Could this be an indication of a ma
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Such human figures have been labell
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earlier rosette figures and the cup
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FIGURE 155: FINNTORP, PHASES OF ENG
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solar symbolism as well. Later in t
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� CHAPTER 2.2.4 � GALICIA: THE
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animals, probably because of lack o
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The fact that this is not the case,
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FIGURE 161: OS CARBALLOS. M. van HO
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� SCANDINAVIAN SOLAR ANIMALS �
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of the two smaller animals at Lombo
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For the rest, combinations of cup-a
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place in rather peaceful cultures,
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A B� FIG. 174: A: RI CRUIN CIST;
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If indeed this engraving is a true
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other sites known to depict weaponr
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Illapel and La Silla belong to the
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* 3.1.3 COMPLEX MOTIFS * From the a
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� 3.2 THE CUP-AND-RING IN EUROPE
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The best way to achieve and maintai
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executed. This may explain why the
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and it seems that cup-and-ring site
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* 3.2.3 ENTRANCES TO THE SPIRIT WOR
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suggested that cupules symbolise th
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* 3.2.5 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CUPULES
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These migrations and explorations c
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andomly placed on the rocks, were e
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Later in the Neolithic more revolut
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The section below serves to acknowl
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14. BEDNARIK, R. G. 1996. Early roc
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39. COSTAS GOBERNA, F. J., NOVOA Á
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63. MARK, R. & NEWMAN, E. 1995. Cup
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88. PETTERSSON, J. & G. KRISTIANSSO
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113. VAN HOEK, M. 1988b. Possible
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137. VAN HOEK, M. & SMITH, C. 1988.
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