Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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FIGURE 20: THE FEARNAN AND ACHARN GROUPS. facing away from the valley and from this follows that from many clusters it is not even possible to see the valley floor; instead quite often only remote upland areas are visible. It would, however, not have been a problem to create chains of intervisible sites all along the hill slope. This may indicate that these clusters were approached from below by individual groups, as we have suggested at Edramucky. But it is also possible that small groups practised agriculture on the slopes near the rock art sites, as the petroglyphs are often found at the edges of natural terraces or at spots where the hill slope levels out for considerable distances. The land at this height is rather fertile and has a much better drainage than the often inundated heavy soils of the valley floor. Small isolated communities may therefore have used M. van HOEK: 38 GEOGRAPHY map
the rock art groups as their ritual centre, but simultaneously as territorial markers. * 1.2.2.1.3.2 But there is another discrepancy in this area. From Fearnan a line of simple petroglyph rocks indicates a movement to the north, but most sites are still found on lower level and on both sides of the small valley. At the spot where the route turns east again (Fig. 20), two cup-and-ring rocks at Croft Garbh overlook that turning point. It is moreover remarkable that rock art does not exist further west in Glen Lyon (except for the rock at Camusvrachan). This recalls the situation at Duncroisk and reinforces the idea that the initial movement was directed to the east. However, the line of rock art sites turned north again via Keltney Burn and connected with the valley of the river Tummel where a few rock art sites exist. Further north of the river Tummel rock art is completely lacking in a very large area. It is remarkable that, when rock art is still indicating this route, it remains rather simple of character; only cupules and a few simple cupand-rings occur. Numbers are also fewer (see Fig. 20 graphs, and Appendix 1). This pattern changes when one goes further east. East of Acharn and more or less opposite Fearnan a small number of FIGURE 21: URLAR, LOCH TAY, SCOTLAND. cupmarked rocks is still found on low level, some even near the banks of Loch Tay (Fig. 20). But east of Acharn rock art is mainly found rather high up the steep slopes. The differences between the north and south slopes become even more evident. From Acharn to Ballinluig the south (north facing) slopes have more sites, more cupules, more cups with rings and more complex motifs than the north slopes. At Urlar, also on the south slope, I discovered a group of cup-and-fiverings (Fig. 21), the maximum number of concentric rings for the study area, whereas the most sophisticated petroglyphs are found at the Tombuie group, also on the south slope, in particular on the rock with M. van HOEK: 39 GEOGRAPHY
Page 1: The World of Petroglyphs CD Special
Page 4 and 5: Impressum: Stonewatch Society for c
Page 7 and 8: M. van HOEK: GEOGRAPHY INDEX PART 1
Page 9 and 10: lifetime job. For instance, it took
Page 11 and 12: * 1.1.2 THE LIMITS OF THE SUBJECT *
Page 13 and 14: geomorphologic characteristics of t
Page 15 and 16: The Irish island has three major op
Page 17 and 18: � CHAPTER 1.2.1 � THE KILMARTIN
Page 19 and 20: It is certain that, also in the Kil
Page 21 and 22: possible site of menhir 8 are surro
Page 23 and 24: interfered with their observations.
Page 25 and 26: * 1.2.1.2 PETROGLYPHS AND INTERVISI
Page 27 and 28: * 1.2.1.2.1.1 The west route initia
Page 29 and 30: and the possible landing site. View
Page 31 and 32: photo photo photo FIG. 14: THE EAST
Page 33 and 34: Achnabreck is a complex of nine wid
Page 35 and 36: standing stone in Fig. 6) and for t
Page 37 and 38: The situation in the study area dif
Page 39 and 40: art sites in the study area (and el
Page 41 and 42: major route through the interior, a
Page 43: * 1.2.2.1.3 Still further east anot
Page 47 and 48: elatively level land. These groups
Page 49 and 50: top of a protruding rock shelter. I
Page 51 and 52: map map map map map FIG. 26b: BRADL
Page 53 and 54: impossible that these two sites eve
Page 55 and 56: * 1.2.3.2.5 The group north of Roth
Page 57 and 58: illus FIGURE 32: VIEWS FROM THE CHA
Page 59 and 60: not mean that this has been intende
Page 61 and 62: concentrations of stone circles and
Page 63 and 64: my study area. Their distribution m
Page 65 and 66: on the coast opposite Muros peninsu
Page 67 and 68: illus FIGURE 39: PETROGLYPH SITES A
Page 69 and 70: FIG.42: SANTA TECLA, CASTRO. instan
Page 71 and 72: small bit of the Taxes valley (mark
Page 73 and 74: Moreover, from whatever direction t
Page 75 and 76: argue that all these sites command
Page 77 and 78: One petroglyph outcrop stone is eve
Page 79 and 80: � CHAPTER 1.3.2 � GARGAMALA, A
Page 81 and 82: FIGURE 52: VISIBILITY FROM THE SITE
Page 83 and 84: encircle the ridge. Also the distri
Page 85 and 86: idge, centring on sites 3 and 4. Wh
Page 87 and 88: APPENDIX 1 AN INVENTORY OF THE ROCK
Page 89 and 90: Group 7C. Described by COSTAS GOBER
Page 91 and 92: and is approximately 1 to 0.5 cm de
Page 93 and 94: � CHAPTER 1.4 � THE ALPS, THE B
Page 95 and 96:
* 1.4.1.1.1 There indeed prove to b
Page 97 and 98:
* 1.4.1.1.2 Although the Alps are r
Page 99 and 100:
FIG. 63: PART OF COREN DE LE FATE,
Page 101 and 102:
floodplain of the valley of the Upp
Page 103 and 104:
This rock also features a small cup
Page 105 and 106:
idge called Crete des Barmes, only
Page 108 and 109:
� CHAPTER 1.4.2 � ELVAS AND SPR
Page 110 and 111:
photo photo photo photo FIG. 77: TH
Page 112 and 113:
found linearly grouped along a stee
Page 114 and 115:
undertaken (Figs 84 and 85). The tr
Page 116 and 117:
FIGURE 87: SPRONS 2. The lack of ro
Page 118 and 119:
especially dealing with the distrib
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In many rock art regions there seem
Page 122 and 123:
occur in a vast area. Many cupules
Page 124 and 125:
� CHAPTER 1.5.1 � DISTRIBUTION
Page 126 and 127:
icecap first caused the land to sin
Page 128 and 129:
the study area, especially in Swede
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
illus. illus. FIG. 97: ROCK ART DIS
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islands in bays or in lake systems
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
* 1.5.3.1.1 It is remarkable that r
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* 1.5.3.2.2 Probably the youngest r
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* 1.5.3.2.4.1 Almost every part of
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claiming the rock art at Helgaberg/
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This notch is also the first natura
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Another cupuled stone has been repo
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Swedish distribution moreover echoe
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APPENDIX 2. Spreadsheet summarising
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APPENDIX 4. A HORDALAND (Area 2) 37
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APPENDIX 6 There is always a proble
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� CHAPTER 2.1 � DISTRIBUTION OF
Page 161 and 162:
centripetal pull. Not only impressi
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* 2.1.1 THE ALPINE SITUATION * We a
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* 2.1.2 THE BRITISH ISLES * Contrar
Page 167 and 168:
FIGURE 129. BALLOCHMYLE. THIS IS A
Page 169 and 170:
* 2.1.3 GALICIA * Unfortunately, th
Page 171 and 172:
The distribution in south Sweden is
Page 173 and 174:
� CHAPTER 2.2 � INSTANCES OF
Page 175 and 176:
G stops at motif D. This proves tha
Page 177 and 178:
example occurs at Gargamala 7J, Gal
Page 179 and 180:
“....but 3 is special. It is one
Page 181 and 182:
ILLUS FIGURE 140: ROCK ART ON TOP O
Page 183 and 184:
* 2.2.1.1.3 GREENLAND * Unfortunate
Page 185 and 186:
In my opinion, the Greenland raft o
Page 187 and 188:
FOSSUM VITLYCKE HERREBRO LÖKEBERG
Page 189 and 190:
on the same panel as the boat figur
Page 191 and 192:
Equally, cup-and-rings sometimes ha
Page 193 and 194:
Could this be an indication of a ma
Page 195 and 196:
Such human figures have been labell
Page 197 and 198:
earlier rosette figures and the cup
Page 199 and 200:
FIGURE 155: FINNTORP, PHASES OF ENG
Page 201 and 202:
solar symbolism as well. Later in t
Page 203 and 204:
� CHAPTER 2.2.4 � GALICIA: THE
Page 205 and 206:
animals, probably because of lack o
Page 207 and 208:
The fact that this is not the case,
Page 209 and 210:
FIGURE 161: OS CARBALLOS. M. van HO
Page 211 and 212:
� SCANDINAVIAN SOLAR ANIMALS �
Page 213 and 214:
of the two smaller animals at Lombo
Page 215 and 216:
For the rest, combinations of cup-a
Page 217 and 218:
place in rather peaceful cultures,
Page 219 and 220:
A B� FIG. 174: A: RI CRUIN CIST;
Page 221 and 222:
If indeed this engraving is a true
Page 223 and 224:
other sites known to depict weaponr
Page 225 and 226:
Illapel and La Silla belong to the
Page 227 and 228:
* 3.1.3 COMPLEX MOTIFS * From the a
Page 229 and 230:
� 3.2 THE CUP-AND-RING IN EUROPE
Page 231 and 232:
The best way to achieve and maintai
Page 233 and 234:
executed. This may explain why the
Page 235 and 236:
and it seems that cup-and-ring site
Page 237 and 238:
* 3.2.3 ENTRANCES TO THE SPIRIT WOR
Page 239 and 240:
suggested that cupules symbolise th
Page 241 and 242:
* 3.2.5 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CUPULES
Page 243 and 244:
These migrations and explorations c
Page 245 and 246:
andomly placed on the rocks, were e
Page 247 and 248:
Later in the Neolithic more revolut
Page 249 and 250:
The section below serves to acknowl
Page 251 and 252:
14. BEDNARIK, R. G. 1996. Early roc
Page 253 and 254:
39. COSTAS GOBERNA, F. J., NOVOA Á
Page 255 and 256:
63. MARK, R. & NEWMAN, E. 1995. Cup
Page 257 and 258:
88. PETTERSSON, J. & G. KRISTIANSSO
Page 259 and 260:
113. VAN HOEK, M. 1988b. Possible
Page 261:
137. VAN HOEK, M. & SMITH, C. 1988.
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Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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