Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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illus illus illus FIG. 158: DISTRIBUTION OF GALICIAN CUP-AND-RINGS AND ANIMALS. M. van HOEK: 200 GEOGRAPHY illus illus illus illus illus
The fact that this is not the case, combined with the incongruity of distribution patterns of both art styles and the remarkable small proportion of true combinations (only 5 %), leads to the conclusion that most probably the practice to engrave the Galician animals onto stone surfaces was introduced by a different group of people that occasionally combined their animal engravings with existing cup-andrings and in my opinion it was the existing cup-and-ring configuration on a rock art panel that determined to a certain extent where and in what way an animal was added. It is, however, also possible that both traditions have subsisted together for a short period. But then, what brought them together ? There prove to be several possibilities. � STAGS AND ENTRANCES � It is interesting to notice that quite a number of stags seem to be emerging from or entering cup-and-rings. An interesting but controversial example is found at Lombo da Costa XXIX. Judging by the drawing of Peña (1992: 21), one of the motifs seems to represent a truly integrated design of two animals emerging from a circular motif (Fig. 158.A). Being situated at a slightly lower level, this specific motif is, however, so badly weathered that, at the time of my visit, even with favourable light, it was impossible to unravel the exact pattern. It might be possible, that at the time the animals were executed, this specific cup-and-ring was already so faint, that it was no problem to create an integrated design, which, only seemingly, suggests contemporaneity. Therefore, I would like to suggest that these two animals and indeed most of the Galician examples were deliberately added to existing cupand-rings. One reason may have been that the manufacturer of the animal engravings assumed the circular motifs to possess a magical power that would then be shared with the animal and passed on to the society that executed the animal. In these cases it would not be that important in what way the animal was associated with the circular motif. In this way any configuration would be effective. A possibly better explanation could be sought in widespread ancient beliefs that spirits and gods dwelled in the rocks. Many FIGURE. 159: PINAL DO REI. primal societies have this M. van HOEK: 201 GEOGRAPHY
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The World of Petroglyphs CD Special
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Impressum: Stonewatch Society for c
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M. van HOEK: GEOGRAPHY INDEX PART 1
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lifetime job. For instance, it took
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* 1.1.2 THE LIMITS OF THE SUBJECT *
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geomorphologic characteristics of t
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The Irish island has three major op
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� CHAPTER 1.2.1 � THE KILMARTIN
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It is certain that, also in the Kil
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possible site of menhir 8 are surro
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interfered with their observations.
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* 1.2.1.2 PETROGLYPHS AND INTERVISI
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* 1.2.1.2.1.1 The west route initia
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and the possible landing site. View
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photo photo photo FIG. 14: THE EAST
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Achnabreck is a complex of nine wid
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standing stone in Fig. 6) and for t
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The situation in the study area dif
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art sites in the study area (and el
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major route through the interior, a
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* 1.2.2.1.3 Still further east anot
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the rock art groups as their ritual
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elatively level land. These groups
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top of a protruding rock shelter. I
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map map map map map FIG. 26b: BRADL
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impossible that these two sites eve
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* 1.2.3.2.5 The group north of Roth
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illus FIGURE 32: VIEWS FROM THE CHA
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not mean that this has been intende
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concentrations of stone circles and
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my study area. Their distribution m
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on the coast opposite Muros peninsu
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illus FIGURE 39: PETROGLYPH SITES A
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FIG.42: SANTA TECLA, CASTRO. instan
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small bit of the Taxes valley (mark
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Moreover, from whatever direction t
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argue that all these sites command
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One petroglyph outcrop stone is eve
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� CHAPTER 1.3.2 � GARGAMALA, A
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FIGURE 52: VISIBILITY FROM THE SITE
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encircle the ridge. Also the distri
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idge, centring on sites 3 and 4. Wh
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APPENDIX 1 AN INVENTORY OF THE ROCK
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Group 7C. Described by COSTAS GOBER
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and is approximately 1 to 0.5 cm de
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� CHAPTER 1.4 � THE ALPS, THE B
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* 1.4.1.1.1 There indeed prove to b
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* 1.4.1.1.2 Although the Alps are r
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FIG. 63: PART OF COREN DE LE FATE,
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floodplain of the valley of the Upp
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This rock also features a small cup
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idge called Crete des Barmes, only
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� CHAPTER 1.4.2 � ELVAS AND SPR
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photo photo photo photo FIG. 77: TH
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found linearly grouped along a stee
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undertaken (Figs 84 and 85). The tr
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FIGURE 87: SPRONS 2. The lack of ro
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especially dealing with the distrib
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In many rock art regions there seem
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occur in a vast area. Many cupules
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� CHAPTER 1.5.1 � DISTRIBUTION
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icecap first caused the land to sin
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the study area, especially in Swede
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illus. illus. FIG. 97: ROCK ART DIS
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islands in bays or in lake systems
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* 1.5.3.1.1 It is remarkable that r
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* 1.5.3.2.2 Probably the youngest r
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* 1.5.3.2.4.1 Almost every part of
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claiming the rock art at Helgaberg/
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This notch is also the first natura
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Another cupuled stone has been repo
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Swedish distribution moreover echoe
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APPENDIX 2. Spreadsheet summarising
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APPENDIX 4. A HORDALAND (Area 2) 37
Page 156 and 157: APPENDIX 6 There is always a proble
Page 159 and 160: � CHAPTER 2.1 � DISTRIBUTION OF
Page 161 and 162: centripetal pull. Not only impressi
Page 163 and 164: * 2.1.1 THE ALPINE SITUATION * We a
Page 165 and 166: * 2.1.2 THE BRITISH ISLES * Contrar
Page 167 and 168: FIGURE 129. BALLOCHMYLE. THIS IS A
Page 169 and 170: * 2.1.3 GALICIA * Unfortunately, th
Page 171 and 172: The distribution in south Sweden is
Page 173 and 174: � CHAPTER 2.2 � INSTANCES OF
Page 175 and 176: G stops at motif D. This proves tha
Page 177 and 178: example occurs at Gargamala 7J, Gal
Page 179 and 180: “....but 3 is special. It is one
Page 181 and 182: ILLUS FIGURE 140: ROCK ART ON TOP O
Page 183 and 184: * 2.2.1.1.3 GREENLAND * Unfortunate
Page 185 and 186: In my opinion, the Greenland raft o
Page 187 and 188: FOSSUM VITLYCKE HERREBRO LÖKEBERG
Page 189 and 190: on the same panel as the boat figur
Page 191 and 192: Equally, cup-and-rings sometimes ha
Page 193 and 194: Could this be an indication of a ma
Page 195 and 196: Such human figures have been labell
Page 197 and 198: earlier rosette figures and the cup
Page 199 and 200: FIGURE 155: FINNTORP, PHASES OF ENG
Page 201 and 202: solar symbolism as well. Later in t
Page 203 and 204: � CHAPTER 2.2.4 � GALICIA: THE
Page 205: animals, probably because of lack o
Page 209 and 210: FIGURE 161: OS CARBALLOS. M. van HO
Page 211 and 212: � SCANDINAVIAN SOLAR ANIMALS �
Page 213 and 214: of the two smaller animals at Lombo
Page 215 and 216: For the rest, combinations of cup-a
Page 217 and 218: place in rather peaceful cultures,
Page 219 and 220: A B� FIG. 174: A: RI CRUIN CIST;
Page 221 and 222: If indeed this engraving is a true
Page 223 and 224: other sites known to depict weaponr
Page 225 and 226: Illapel and La Silla belong to the
Page 227 and 228: * 3.1.3 COMPLEX MOTIFS * From the a
Page 229 and 230: � 3.2 THE CUP-AND-RING IN EUROPE
Page 231 and 232: The best way to achieve and maintai
Page 233 and 234: executed. This may explain why the
Page 235 and 236: and it seems that cup-and-ring site
Page 237 and 238: * 3.2.3 ENTRANCES TO THE SPIRIT WOR
Page 239 and 240: suggested that cupules symbolise th
Page 241 and 242: * 3.2.5 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CUPULES
Page 243 and 244: These migrations and explorations c
Page 245 and 246: andomly placed on the rocks, were e
Page 247 and 248: Later in the Neolithic more revolut
Page 249 and 250: The section below serves to acknowl
Page 251 and 252: 14. BEDNARIK, R. G. 1996. Early roc
Page 253 and 254: 39. COSTAS GOBERNA, F. J., NOVOA Á
Page 255 and 256: 63. MARK, R. & NEWMAN, E. 1995. Cup
Page 257 and 258:
88. PETTERSSON, J. & G. KRISTIANSSO
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113. VAN HOEK, M. 1988b. Possible
Page 261:
137. VAN HOEK, M. & SMITH, C. 1988.
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