Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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FIG. 36: MUROS PENINSULA; SITES AND INTERVISIBILITY. It is namely significant that rock art concentrates only north of the beaches of Louro and San Francisco, but completely avoids the areas that could easily be reached from the well known beaches at Carnota and Lariño (Fig. 35). The opening of the Taxes an Valdexería valleys at Serres is rather inaccessible because of extensive mud plains. Also, none of the rivers of the Muros peninsula is navigable. East (and north) of the Muros peninsula there is a striking absence of rock art in the hills bordering the Ria de Muros, although there are many outcrop areas which offer suitable canvases for engraving. Only M. van HOEK: 58 GEOGRAPHY
on the coast opposite Muros peninsula, on the Barbanza peninsula, there is a minor concentration of rock art sites at Porto do Son, both groups marking the entrance of the Ria de Muros. This resembles the situations at Poltalloch, Bute and Loch Fyne in Scotland, where also two groups of rock art are found opposite each other at the entrance of an estuary or a landing place, but also the situations at Millstone Burn and Rothbury in Northumberland, where two groups opposite each other mark a pass through the hills. What is completely different from the British Isles, however, is that the Muros peninsula completely lacks prehistoric monuments within the region of the petroglyphs. The special mix of menhirs, burial tombs and petroglyphs noted at Kilmartin, is absent. This absence sets the tone for the whole of Galicia; only incidentally a menhir or burial tomb is located within the same area as the engraved rocks and only in a few cases there also appear petroglyphs on menhirs (e.g. at A Lapa: Alén & Peña 1980: 83) or stones in burial structures. In burials, however, mainly angular art like zigzag-lines predominates. Just possibly one stone slab, Pedra da Bouza on the Barbanza peninsula, decorated with cup-and-rings, could have been erected to serve as a menhir or once was part of a destroyed burial (Costas, Hidalgo, Veiga & Taboada 1995: 61). The Barbanza peninsula is moreover one of the few areas in Galicia with a larger than average concentration of burial tombs and menhirs, but is almost devoid of circular art. It is however, one of the few coastal areas in Galicia with a large concentration of animal engravings, especially near Rianxo. 1.3.1.1 THE VALDEXERÍA VALLEY The Muros peninsula is a suitable study area to illustrate some of the specific characteristics of the distribution of Galician rock art in a coastal position. The small group of the Pedra da Chula, located in the Valdexería valley, will serve as a pivotal site offering a lot of information, but frequently other sites from outside the Muros peninsula will be discussed for comparative reasons. 1.3.1.1.1 Most striking about the Pedra da Chula was its “invisibility” at the time of my visit. It took me quite some time to locate the rock with these complex engravings, whereas nearby I discovered without difficulty two previously unreported simple cupmarked rocks before I realised that I had been walking across the rock with the complex engravings at least three times without noticing them. This happened because the complex engravings (Fig. 36, inset A) are rather superficially carved out and badly weathered. They moreover sit on a slab that slopes to the SE facing the escarpment, and therefore, in the morning sun, it was only possible to vaguely make out the patterns of the left hand figure (Fig. 37). Also, larger rocks M. van HOEK: 59 GEOGRAPHY
Page 1:
The World of Petroglyphs CD Special
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Impressum: Stonewatch Society for c
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M. van HOEK: GEOGRAPHY INDEX PART 1
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lifetime job. For instance, it took
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* 1.1.2 THE LIMITS OF THE SUBJECT *
Page 13 and 14: geomorphologic characteristics of t
Page 15 and 16: The Irish island has three major op
Page 17 and 18: � CHAPTER 1.2.1 � THE KILMARTIN
Page 19 and 20: It is certain that, also in the Kil
Page 21 and 22: possible site of menhir 8 are surro
Page 23 and 24: interfered with their observations.
Page 25 and 26: * 1.2.1.2 PETROGLYPHS AND INTERVISI
Page 27 and 28: * 1.2.1.2.1.1 The west route initia
Page 29 and 30: and the possible landing site. View
Page 31 and 32: photo photo photo FIG. 14: THE EAST
Page 33 and 34: Achnabreck is a complex of nine wid
Page 35 and 36: standing stone in Fig. 6) and for t
Page 37 and 38: The situation in the study area dif
Page 39 and 40: art sites in the study area (and el
Page 41 and 42: major route through the interior, a
Page 43 and 44: * 1.2.2.1.3 Still further east anot
Page 45 and 46: the rock art groups as their ritual
Page 47 and 48: elatively level land. These groups
Page 49 and 50: top of a protruding rock shelter. I
Page 51 and 52: map map map map map FIG. 26b: BRADL
Page 53 and 54: impossible that these two sites eve
Page 55 and 56: * 1.2.3.2.5 The group north of Roth
Page 57 and 58: illus FIGURE 32: VIEWS FROM THE CHA
Page 59 and 60: not mean that this has been intende
Page 61 and 62: concentrations of stone circles and
Page 63: my study area. Their distribution m
Page 67 and 68: illus FIGURE 39: PETROGLYPH SITES A
Page 69 and 70: FIG.42: SANTA TECLA, CASTRO. instan
Page 71 and 72: small bit of the Taxes valley (mark
Page 73 and 74: Moreover, from whatever direction t
Page 75 and 76: argue that all these sites command
Page 77 and 78: One petroglyph outcrop stone is eve
Page 79 and 80: � CHAPTER 1.3.2 � GARGAMALA, A
Page 81 and 82: FIGURE 52: VISIBILITY FROM THE SITE
Page 83 and 84: encircle the ridge. Also the distri
Page 85 and 86: idge, centring on sites 3 and 4. Wh
Page 87 and 88: APPENDIX 1 AN INVENTORY OF THE ROCK
Page 89 and 90: Group 7C. Described by COSTAS GOBER
Page 91 and 92: and is approximately 1 to 0.5 cm de
Page 93 and 94: � CHAPTER 1.4 � THE ALPS, THE B
Page 95 and 96: * 1.4.1.1.1 There indeed prove to b
Page 97 and 98: * 1.4.1.1.2 Although the Alps are r
Page 99 and 100: FIG. 63: PART OF COREN DE LE FATE,
Page 101 and 102: floodplain of the valley of the Upp
Page 103 and 104: This rock also features a small cup
Page 105 and 106: idge called Crete des Barmes, only
Page 108 and 109: � CHAPTER 1.4.2 � ELVAS AND SPR
Page 110 and 111: photo photo photo photo FIG. 77: TH
Page 112 and 113: found linearly grouped along a stee
Page 114 and 115:
undertaken (Figs 84 and 85). The tr
Page 116 and 117:
FIGURE 87: SPRONS 2. The lack of ro
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especially dealing with the distrib
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In many rock art regions there seem
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occur in a vast area. Many cupules
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� CHAPTER 1.5.1 � DISTRIBUTION
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icecap first caused the land to sin
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the study area, especially in Swede
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
illus. illus. FIG. 97: ROCK ART DIS
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islands in bays or in lake systems
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* 1.5.3.1.1 It is remarkable that r
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* 1.5.3.2.2 Probably the youngest r
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* 1.5.3.2.4.1 Almost every part of
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claiming the rock art at Helgaberg/
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This notch is also the first natura
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Another cupuled stone has been repo
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Swedish distribution moreover echoe
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APPENDIX 2. Spreadsheet summarising
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APPENDIX 4. A HORDALAND (Area 2) 37
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APPENDIX 6 There is always a proble
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� CHAPTER 2.1 � DISTRIBUTION OF
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centripetal pull. Not only impressi
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* 2.1.1 THE ALPINE SITUATION * We a
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* 2.1.2 THE BRITISH ISLES * Contrar
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FIGURE 129. BALLOCHMYLE. THIS IS A
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* 2.1.3 GALICIA * Unfortunately, th
Page 171 and 172:
The distribution in south Sweden is
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� CHAPTER 2.2 � INSTANCES OF
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G stops at motif D. This proves tha
Page 177 and 178:
example occurs at Gargamala 7J, Gal
Page 179 and 180:
“....but 3 is special. It is one
Page 181 and 182:
ILLUS FIGURE 140: ROCK ART ON TOP O
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* 2.2.1.1.3 GREENLAND * Unfortunate
Page 185 and 186:
In my opinion, the Greenland raft o
Page 187 and 188:
FOSSUM VITLYCKE HERREBRO LÖKEBERG
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on the same panel as the boat figur
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Equally, cup-and-rings sometimes ha
Page 193 and 194:
Could this be an indication of a ma
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Such human figures have been labell
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earlier rosette figures and the cup
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FIGURE 155: FINNTORP, PHASES OF ENG
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solar symbolism as well. Later in t
Page 203 and 204:
� CHAPTER 2.2.4 � GALICIA: THE
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animals, probably because of lack o
Page 207 and 208:
The fact that this is not the case,
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FIGURE 161: OS CARBALLOS. M. van HO
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� SCANDINAVIAN SOLAR ANIMALS �
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of the two smaller animals at Lombo
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For the rest, combinations of cup-a
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place in rather peaceful cultures,
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A B� FIG. 174: A: RI CRUIN CIST;
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If indeed this engraving is a true
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other sites known to depict weaponr
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Illapel and La Silla belong to the
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* 3.1.3 COMPLEX MOTIFS * From the a
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� 3.2 THE CUP-AND-RING IN EUROPE
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The best way to achieve and maintai
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executed. This may explain why the
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and it seems that cup-and-ring site
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* 3.2.3 ENTRANCES TO THE SPIRIT WOR
Page 239 and 240:
suggested that cupules symbolise th
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* 3.2.5 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CUPULES
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These migrations and explorations c
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andomly placed on the rocks, were e
Page 247 and 248:
Later in the Neolithic more revolut
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The section below serves to acknowl
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14. BEDNARIK, R. G. 1996. Early roc
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39. COSTAS GOBERNA, F. J., NOVOA Á
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63. MARK, R. & NEWMAN, E. 1995. Cup
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88. PETTERSSON, J. & G. KRISTIANSSO
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113. VAN HOEK, M. 1988b. Possible
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137. VAN HOEK, M. & SMITH, C. 1988.
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Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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