Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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ZONE A Group 1. As described by COSTAS GOBERNA, NOVOA ALVAREZ and ALBO MORAN (1991). The upper part of this huge outcrop features only cupmarks, some with single rings or with grooves extending from them. Lower down the rather steep outcrop occurs a mixture of historic and prehistoric designs. Group 2. As described by COSTAS GOBERNA, NOVOA ALVAREZ and ALBO MORAN (1991). A smooth panel just SE of the known group was found uncovered at this occasion. This new part shows a mixture of cupmarks with rings, many connected by grooves (Fig. 55). It seems as if the cup with six rings overlaps a cup with four rings. Also the new engravings are weathered. Group 3. This panel actually is a continuation of Group 4. It is as described by COSTAS GOBERNA, NOVOA ALVAREZ and ALBO MORAN (1991). A further continuation of this outcrop showed a big and crudely carved cup-and-four-rings with only the innermost ring complete. Just S of the figure is a crude X–shaped groove. This carving seems to have been damaged by the fire. Group 4. Well balanced cup-and-rings, a spiral and a zigzag line as described by COSTAS GOBERNA, NOVOA ALVAREZ and ALBO MORAN (1991). Group 5. A much worn cup-and-three-rings as described by COSTAS GOBERNA, NOVOA ALVAREZ and ALBO MORAN (1991). This carving seems to have been damaged by the fire as well. Group 6. A fine collection of engravings, dominated by a large cupand-nine-rings as described by COSTAS GOBERNA, NOVOA ALVAREZ and ALBO MORAN (1991). Group 7. This small but conspicuous hillock proved to be the place of a large collection of decorated rocks. Actually the hillock forms the top end of a long E-W running ridge with a rough and craggy escarpment forming its south edge. To the north the ridge slightly slopes down and features many smooth outcrops on ground level. The lower end of the ridge proved to have some new carvings: Groups 27 to 31, but the main group is found on the craggy top. COSTAS GOBERNA, NOVOA ALVAREZ and ALBO MORAN (1991) noticed three rock art panels on this top area, but as their description was rather obscure, without illustration, it was difficult to decide which of the 12 panels had actually been discovered by them. Group 7A. At the SW end of a large rock amongst other boulders and outcrops is a faint circle, about 18 cm in diameter, with a small central cupmark. There just might be a second ring inside the figure. Group 7B. A small outcrop features seven extremely small cup-and-one rings arranged in a group of two and a group of five (set in the form of a cross). To the south is a small “Tablero de tres en raya”, also known as “pai – fillo – nai” which means Father – Son – Mother in Gallego. M. van HOEK: 82 GEOGRAPHY
Group 7C. Described by COSTAS GOBERNA, NOVOA ALVAREZ and ALBO MORAN (1991). A large boulder just south of the top of the hillock with a small collection of much weathered single cupmarks on its horizontal upper surface. At least two or three of the cupmarks have single rings. Group 7D. Almost touching Group 7C at its east end is a somewhat lower block of stone with a distinctly carved cupmark surrounded by the faint remains of three small concentric rings and the even fainter traces of a cupmark with two concentric rings. Described by COSTAS GOBERNA, NOVOA ALVAREZ and ALBO MORAN (1991). Group 7E. A dome-shaped block of stone with a small cupmark surrounded by three mostly incomplete crudely carved rings and a radial groove from the cup to the NE. South of this is a bigger cup with at least one concentric ring and traces of a second. Described by COSTAS GOBERNA, NOVOA ALVAREZ and ALBO MORAN (1991). Group 7F. Another block of stone, further NE, shows a small weathered cupmark surrounded by three faint and irregular ringmarks and some other grooves, including a radial groove and a cupmark between the rings. Group 7G. A short distance N of the escarpment is a small outcrop on ground level with the extremely weathered remains of at least one cupand-one ring. Group 7H. On this occasion Fernando Javier COSTAS GOBERNA discovered a small block of stone just below the escarpment. It features a confused collection of short grooves and small, shallow cupmarks. One of the grooves seems to form a large ringmark with central cupmark at the lower end of the stone. The centre of the stone shows a group of lines in which Elisa PEREIRA GARCÍA recognised the possible outline of a deer, looking to the left. If this engraving truly represents an animal, it is the only example of its kind in the whole area. The engravings surely differ completely from all the other engraved stones in the area. Group 7I. Just NE of Group 7H is a block of stone with a distinct cupmark near its SW corner surrounded by a distinct inner ring and a faint outer ring. Group 7J. A large block of stone with a distinct cup-and-four-rings and a faint radial groove. The fourth ring is incomplete. A large part of the boulder has flaked off just recently, taking away part of the engraving. Group 7K. At the extreme east end of the ridge is a block of stone carved on its SW sloping surface. At its centre are three small cupmarks surrounded by two rings; only the inner one is complete. On the extreme SW edge of the stone is a cup with two rings, the whole engraved on a projecting part of the stone (compare with examples at Monte Teton I, sector D and E). There is also a cup with one, possibly two concentric rings and a cup with possibly one ring. M. van HOEK: 83 GEOGRAPHY
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The World of Petroglyphs CD Special
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Impressum: Stonewatch Society for c
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M. van HOEK: GEOGRAPHY INDEX PART 1
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lifetime job. For instance, it took
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* 1.1.2 THE LIMITS OF THE SUBJECT *
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geomorphologic characteristics of t
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The Irish island has three major op
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� CHAPTER 1.2.1 � THE KILMARTIN
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It is certain that, also in the Kil
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possible site of menhir 8 are surro
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interfered with their observations.
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* 1.2.1.2 PETROGLYPHS AND INTERVISI
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* 1.2.1.2.1.1 The west route initia
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and the possible landing site. View
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photo photo photo FIG. 14: THE EAST
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Achnabreck is a complex of nine wid
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standing stone in Fig. 6) and for t
Page 37 and 38: The situation in the study area dif
Page 39 and 40: art sites in the study area (and el
Page 41 and 42: major route through the interior, a
Page 43 and 44: * 1.2.2.1.3 Still further east anot
Page 45 and 46: the rock art groups as their ritual
Page 47 and 48: elatively level land. These groups
Page 49 and 50: top of a protruding rock shelter. I
Page 51 and 52: map map map map map FIG. 26b: BRADL
Page 53 and 54: impossible that these two sites eve
Page 55 and 56: * 1.2.3.2.5 The group north of Roth
Page 57 and 58: illus FIGURE 32: VIEWS FROM THE CHA
Page 59 and 60: not mean that this has been intende
Page 61 and 62: concentrations of stone circles and
Page 63 and 64: my study area. Their distribution m
Page 65 and 66: on the coast opposite Muros peninsu
Page 67 and 68: illus FIGURE 39: PETROGLYPH SITES A
Page 69 and 70: FIG.42: SANTA TECLA, CASTRO. instan
Page 71 and 72: small bit of the Taxes valley (mark
Page 73 and 74: Moreover, from whatever direction t
Page 75 and 76: argue that all these sites command
Page 77 and 78: One petroglyph outcrop stone is eve
Page 79 and 80: � CHAPTER 1.3.2 � GARGAMALA, A
Page 81 and 82: FIGURE 52: VISIBILITY FROM THE SITE
Page 83 and 84: encircle the ridge. Also the distri
Page 85 and 86: idge, centring on sites 3 and 4. Wh
Page 87: APPENDIX 1 AN INVENTORY OF THE ROCK
Page 91 and 92: and is approximately 1 to 0.5 cm de
Page 93 and 94: � CHAPTER 1.4 � THE ALPS, THE B
Page 95 and 96: * 1.4.1.1.1 There indeed prove to b
Page 97 and 98: * 1.4.1.1.2 Although the Alps are r
Page 99 and 100: FIG. 63: PART OF COREN DE LE FATE,
Page 101 and 102: floodplain of the valley of the Upp
Page 103 and 104: This rock also features a small cup
Page 105 and 106: idge called Crete des Barmes, only
Page 108 and 109: � CHAPTER 1.4.2 � ELVAS AND SPR
Page 110 and 111: photo photo photo photo FIG. 77: TH
Page 112 and 113: found linearly grouped along a stee
Page 114 and 115: undertaken (Figs 84 and 85). The tr
Page 116 and 117: FIGURE 87: SPRONS 2. The lack of ro
Page 118 and 119: especially dealing with the distrib
Page 120 and 121: In many rock art regions there seem
Page 122 and 123: occur in a vast area. Many cupules
Page 124 and 125: � CHAPTER 1.5.1 � DISTRIBUTION
Page 126 and 127: icecap first caused the land to sin
Page 128 and 129: the study area, especially in Swede
Page 132 and 133: illus. illus. FIG. 97: ROCK ART DIS
Page 134 and 135: islands in bays or in lake systems
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* 1.5.3.1.1 It is remarkable that r
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* 1.5.3.2.2 Probably the youngest r
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* 1.5.3.2.4.1 Almost every part of
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claiming the rock art at Helgaberg/
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This notch is also the first natura
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Another cupuled stone has been repo
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Swedish distribution moreover echoe
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APPENDIX 2. Spreadsheet summarising
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APPENDIX 4. A HORDALAND (Area 2) 37
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APPENDIX 6 There is always a proble
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� CHAPTER 2.1 � DISTRIBUTION OF
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centripetal pull. Not only impressi
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* 2.1.1 THE ALPINE SITUATION * We a
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* 2.1.2 THE BRITISH ISLES * Contrar
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FIGURE 129. BALLOCHMYLE. THIS IS A
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* 2.1.3 GALICIA * Unfortunately, th
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The distribution in south Sweden is
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� CHAPTER 2.2 � INSTANCES OF
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G stops at motif D. This proves tha
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example occurs at Gargamala 7J, Gal
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“....but 3 is special. It is one
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ILLUS FIGURE 140: ROCK ART ON TOP O
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* 2.2.1.1.3 GREENLAND * Unfortunate
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In my opinion, the Greenland raft o
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FOSSUM VITLYCKE HERREBRO LÖKEBERG
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on the same panel as the boat figur
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Equally, cup-and-rings sometimes ha
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Could this be an indication of a ma
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Such human figures have been labell
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earlier rosette figures and the cup
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FIGURE 155: FINNTORP, PHASES OF ENG
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solar symbolism as well. Later in t
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� CHAPTER 2.2.4 � GALICIA: THE
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animals, probably because of lack o
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The fact that this is not the case,
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FIGURE 161: OS CARBALLOS. M. van HO
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� SCANDINAVIAN SOLAR ANIMALS �
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of the two smaller animals at Lombo
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For the rest, combinations of cup-a
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place in rather peaceful cultures,
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A B� FIG. 174: A: RI CRUIN CIST;
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If indeed this engraving is a true
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other sites known to depict weaponr
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Illapel and La Silla belong to the
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* 3.1.3 COMPLEX MOTIFS * From the a
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� 3.2 THE CUP-AND-RING IN EUROPE
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The best way to achieve and maintai
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executed. This may explain why the
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and it seems that cup-and-ring site
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* 3.2.3 ENTRANCES TO THE SPIRIT WOR
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suggested that cupules symbolise th
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* 3.2.5 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CUPULES
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These migrations and explorations c
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andomly placed on the rocks, were e
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Later in the Neolithic more revolut
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The section below serves to acknowl
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14. BEDNARIK, R. G. 1996. Early roc
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39. COSTAS GOBERNA, F. J., NOVOA Á
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63. MARK, R. & NEWMAN, E. 1995. Cup
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88. PETTERSSON, J. & G. KRISTIANSSO
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113. VAN HOEK, M. 1988b. Possible
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137. VAN HOEK, M. & SMITH, C. 1988.
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Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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