Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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A map FIG. 4: THE KILMARTIN VALLEY. A: LINES ACCORDING TO BRADLEY. M. van HOEK: 1 GEOGRAPHY map map
� CHAPTER 1.2.1 � THE KILMARTIN VALLEY; PETROGLYPHS, MENHIRS AND ASTRONOMY � INTRODUCTION � Situated on the rugged west coast of Argyll, Scotland (Fig. 3), is a small, roughly triangular valley (Long. 5° 30` W. and Lat. 56° 6` N.) with the village of Kilmartin at its north end. The study area (Fig. 4) also includes the hills around the valley and the whole area roughly measures 130 km 2 . Also included (Fig. 4) are the entrances to the valley: 1. Ormaig on Loch Craignish; 2. Crinan Moss; 3. Loch Gilp; 4. the Eurach valley and 5. the valley of the river Add. The valleys numbered 4 and 5 are regarded by me to serve more as exits rather than as entrances (Van Hoek 1997a). The topography of the area is characterised by low but much indented hills (maximum 333 m) of metamorphic schist, running NNE-SSW. The valley floor (about 20 km 2 ) actually is an old seafloor and can be divided in a northern part which is well drained at the moment (and regarded by some as the actual Kilmartin valley) and a southern part, still marshy in places, called Moine Mhor or Crinan Moss. During the last Ice Age the valley served as the outlet for the waters of Loch Awe and this caused a number of roches moutonnées and several river terraces to develop in the area. Today this outlet is occupied by Loch Ederline and some minor streams of which Kilmartin Burn is the most important. Nowadays Loch Awe empties its waters much further north. The isostatic uplift as a result of the loss of weight due to the melting of the ice caused the relative sea level to drop by about 10 m and a few raised beaches are testimonies of this prehistoric sea level. * 1.2.1.1 ASTRONOMICAL ALIGNMENTS * � INTRODUCTION � Especially in the British Isles, many megalithic monuments have acquired fame because of their astronomical orientations. The decorated stone circle of Stonehenge in England (Fig. 173) and the tombs of Newgrange (Fig. 2) and Knowth in Ireland are well known in this respect. But also standing stones, especially when occurring in rows, are often said to have been orientated on the sun or the moon. There now exists an almost unchanged “astronomical” landscape area in these isles: the Kilmartin valley of mid Argyll. This valley is one of the two areas in the British Isles with a marked concentration of decorated menhirs. The other area, Donegal, a large county in the far M. van HOEK: 11 GEOGRAPHY
Page 1: The World of Petroglyphs CD Special
Page 4 and 5: Impressum: Stonewatch Society for c
Page 7 and 8: M. van HOEK: GEOGRAPHY INDEX PART 1
Page 9 and 10: lifetime job. For instance, it took
Page 11 and 12: * 1.1.2 THE LIMITS OF THE SUBJECT *
Page 13 and 14: geomorphologic characteristics of t
Page 15: The Irish island has three major op
Page 19 and 20: It is certain that, also in the Kil
Page 21 and 22: possible site of menhir 8 are surro
Page 23 and 24: interfered with their observations.
Page 25 and 26: * 1.2.1.2 PETROGLYPHS AND INTERVISI
Page 27 and 28: * 1.2.1.2.1.1 The west route initia
Page 29 and 30: and the possible landing site. View
Page 31 and 32: photo photo photo FIG. 14: THE EAST
Page 33 and 34: Achnabreck is a complex of nine wid
Page 35 and 36: standing stone in Fig. 6) and for t
Page 37 and 38: The situation in the study area dif
Page 39 and 40: art sites in the study area (and el
Page 41 and 42: major route through the interior, a
Page 43 and 44: * 1.2.2.1.3 Still further east anot
Page 45 and 46: the rock art groups as their ritual
Page 47 and 48: elatively level land. These groups
Page 49 and 50: top of a protruding rock shelter. I
Page 51 and 52: map map map map map FIG. 26b: BRADL
Page 53 and 54: impossible that these two sites eve
Page 55 and 56: * 1.2.3.2.5 The group north of Roth
Page 57 and 58: illus FIGURE 32: VIEWS FROM THE CHA
Page 59 and 60: not mean that this has been intende
Page 61 and 62: concentrations of stone circles and
Page 63 and 64: my study area. Their distribution m
Page 65 and 66: on the coast opposite Muros peninsu
Page 67 and 68:
illus FIGURE 39: PETROGLYPH SITES A
Page 69 and 70:
FIG.42: SANTA TECLA, CASTRO. instan
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small bit of the Taxes valley (mark
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Moreover, from whatever direction t
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argue that all these sites command
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One petroglyph outcrop stone is eve
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� CHAPTER 1.3.2 � GARGAMALA, A
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FIGURE 52: VISIBILITY FROM THE SITE
Page 83 and 84:
encircle the ridge. Also the distri
Page 85 and 86:
idge, centring on sites 3 and 4. Wh
Page 87 and 88:
APPENDIX 1 AN INVENTORY OF THE ROCK
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Group 7C. Described by COSTAS GOBER
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and is approximately 1 to 0.5 cm de
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� CHAPTER 1.4 � THE ALPS, THE B
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* 1.4.1.1.1 There indeed prove to b
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* 1.4.1.1.2 Although the Alps are r
Page 99 and 100:
FIG. 63: PART OF COREN DE LE FATE,
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floodplain of the valley of the Upp
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This rock also features a small cup
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idge called Crete des Barmes, only
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� CHAPTER 1.4.2 � ELVAS AND SPR
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photo photo photo photo FIG. 77: TH
Page 112 and 113:
found linearly grouped along a stee
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undertaken (Figs 84 and 85). The tr
Page 116 and 117:
FIGURE 87: SPRONS 2. The lack of ro
Page 118 and 119:
especially dealing with the distrib
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In many rock art regions there seem
Page 122 and 123:
occur in a vast area. Many cupules
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� CHAPTER 1.5.1 � DISTRIBUTION
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icecap first caused the land to sin
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the study area, especially in Swede
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
illus. illus. FIG. 97: ROCK ART DIS
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islands in bays or in lake systems
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Page 138 and 139:
* 1.5.3.1.1 It is remarkable that r
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* 1.5.3.2.2 Probably the youngest r
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* 1.5.3.2.4.1 Almost every part of
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claiming the rock art at Helgaberg/
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This notch is also the first natura
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Another cupuled stone has been repo
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Swedish distribution moreover echoe
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APPENDIX 2. Spreadsheet summarising
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APPENDIX 4. A HORDALAND (Area 2) 37
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APPENDIX 6 There is always a proble
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� CHAPTER 2.1 � DISTRIBUTION OF
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centripetal pull. Not only impressi
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* 2.1.1 THE ALPINE SITUATION * We a
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* 2.1.2 THE BRITISH ISLES * Contrar
Page 167 and 168:
FIGURE 129. BALLOCHMYLE. THIS IS A
Page 169 and 170:
* 2.1.3 GALICIA * Unfortunately, th
Page 171 and 172:
The distribution in south Sweden is
Page 173 and 174:
� CHAPTER 2.2 � INSTANCES OF
Page 175 and 176:
G stops at motif D. This proves tha
Page 177 and 178:
example occurs at Gargamala 7J, Gal
Page 179 and 180:
“....but 3 is special. It is one
Page 181 and 182:
ILLUS FIGURE 140: ROCK ART ON TOP O
Page 183 and 184:
* 2.2.1.1.3 GREENLAND * Unfortunate
Page 185 and 186:
In my opinion, the Greenland raft o
Page 187 and 188:
FOSSUM VITLYCKE HERREBRO LÖKEBERG
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on the same panel as the boat figur
Page 191 and 192:
Equally, cup-and-rings sometimes ha
Page 193 and 194:
Could this be an indication of a ma
Page 195 and 196:
Such human figures have been labell
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earlier rosette figures and the cup
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FIGURE 155: FINNTORP, PHASES OF ENG
Page 201 and 202:
solar symbolism as well. Later in t
Page 203 and 204:
� CHAPTER 2.2.4 � GALICIA: THE
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animals, probably because of lack o
Page 207 and 208:
The fact that this is not the case,
Page 209 and 210:
FIGURE 161: OS CARBALLOS. M. van HO
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� SCANDINAVIAN SOLAR ANIMALS �
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of the two smaller animals at Lombo
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For the rest, combinations of cup-a
Page 217 and 218:
place in rather peaceful cultures,
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A B� FIG. 174: A: RI CRUIN CIST;
Page 221 and 222:
If indeed this engraving is a true
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other sites known to depict weaponr
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Illapel and La Silla belong to the
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* 3.1.3 COMPLEX MOTIFS * From the a
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� 3.2 THE CUP-AND-RING IN EUROPE
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The best way to achieve and maintai
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executed. This may explain why the
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and it seems that cup-and-ring site
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* 3.2.3 ENTRANCES TO THE SPIRIT WOR
Page 239 and 240:
suggested that cupules symbolise th
Page 241 and 242:
* 3.2.5 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CUPULES
Page 243 and 244:
These migrations and explorations c
Page 245 and 246:
andomly placed on the rocks, were e
Page 247 and 248:
Later in the Neolithic more revolut
Page 249 and 250:
The section below serves to acknowl
Page 251 and 252:
14. BEDNARIK, R. G. 1996. Early roc
Page 253 and 254:
39. COSTAS GOBERNA, F. J., NOVOA Á
Page 255 and 256:
63. MARK, R. & NEWMAN, E. 1995. Cup
Page 257 and 258:
88. PETTERSSON, J. & G. KRISTIANSSO
Page 259 and 260:
113. VAN HOEK, M. 1988b. Possible
Page 261:
137. VAN HOEK, M. & SMITH, C. 1988.
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Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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