Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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ocks themselves” (1997: 123). Later still, the apparent “urge” to create intervisible sites diminished and it became more important to establish major but isolated focal points, like Ballochmyle, the most important site in these isles; Boheh and Mevagh in Ireland and the Carschenna group in the Alps; all invisible from any other petroglyph site. Let us return to the Kilmartin valley to consider the distribution patterns of rock art sites on both routes. * 1.2.1.2.1 THE WEST ROUTE There is a remarkable fact about the distribution of the rock art sites in the study area. Most fixed sites are not found on the valley floor but at its western and eastern fringes and in a limited area beyond its edges. There is also a remarkable absence of rock art on the southern edges of the valley. Strikingly, there are only three complex rock art sites in the Kilmartin valley (Fig. 4: 12, 12A and 13), which, moreover, concentrate on the SW edges of the valley, at Poltalloch and Ballygowan. Especially Poltalloch is regarded by me as the main entrance of the earlier west route. The ten other complex sites are not even close to the Kilmartin valley but are found in its entrances/exits. This contradicts the idea (Bradley 1997: 118, 123) that there exists an increasing complexity and number of petroglyphs when travelling towards the major monuments (Figs 4 and 12: M and N). Indeed, when travelling from Ormaig (Fig. 190) (Site 21) or from Glasvaar (20) and Eurach (17) via the nearest entrance of the valley (14 and 15) towards the megalithic complex at Nether Largie (Fig. 12: N), the result is even a decreasing complexity. There is also definitely no increase of numbers of petroglyphs as most glyphs are found at Ormaig (21), Creagantairbh (16), Glennan (18) and Glasvaar (20) (Figs 4 and 12). FIG. 12: DISTANCES OF ROCK ART SITES TO THE KILMARTIN VALLEY. M. van HOEK: 20 GEOGRAPHY
* 1.2.1.2.1.1 The west route initially focussed on Loch Craignish where the important rock art site of Ormaig overlooks the possible landing place. From Ormaig a short route over rough terrain led the travellers to a small pass at 190 m (strangely considered by Bradley (1997: 122) to be part of the lowland area) and a short distance further east the gap in the hills leading to Loch Awe finally became clearly visible. This spot, also marked by a pair of standing stones, remained strategically important and later one built the castle of Carnasserie, the impressive ruins of which still command the road to Loch Awe. Near the castle, a small portable stone with seven cupules has been reported. * 1.2.1.2.1.2 At this point the route from Poltalloch converged with the route from Ormaig. The valley floor below the photo FIG. 13: GLENNAN VALLEY. DISTRIBUTION OF CUPULES (NUMBERS GIVEN). A: DETAIL OF EURACH. castle, however, still is rather marshy because of a blocking roche moutonnée further down the Kilmartin Burn and the entrance must therefore have been inaccessible in prehistoric days, also because rather steep hill slopes border the marsh (Fig. 13). For that reason the travellers to Loch Awe continued a little further north along the more accessible west slopes and crossed the Kilmartin Burn without difficulty. There one executed hundreds of cupules on a large piece of outcrop, possibly marked on purpose by a large boulder. East of the site is a 60 m high cliff, but to M. van HOEK: 21 GEOGRAPHY
Page 1: The World of Petroglyphs CD Special
Page 4 and 5: Impressum: Stonewatch Society for c
Page 7 and 8: M. van HOEK: GEOGRAPHY INDEX PART 1
Page 9 and 10: lifetime job. For instance, it took
Page 11 and 12: * 1.1.2 THE LIMITS OF THE SUBJECT *
Page 13 and 14: geomorphologic characteristics of t
Page 15 and 16: The Irish island has three major op
Page 17 and 18: � CHAPTER 1.2.1 � THE KILMARTIN
Page 19 and 20: It is certain that, also in the Kil
Page 21 and 22: possible site of menhir 8 are surro
Page 23 and 24: interfered with their observations.
Page 25: * 1.2.1.2 PETROGLYPHS AND INTERVISI
Page 29 and 30: and the possible landing site. View
Page 31 and 32: photo photo photo FIG. 14: THE EAST
Page 33 and 34: Achnabreck is a complex of nine wid
Page 35 and 36: standing stone in Fig. 6) and for t
Page 37 and 38: The situation in the study area dif
Page 39 and 40: art sites in the study area (and el
Page 41 and 42: major route through the interior, a
Page 43 and 44: * 1.2.2.1.3 Still further east anot
Page 45 and 46: the rock art groups as their ritual
Page 47 and 48: elatively level land. These groups
Page 49 and 50: top of a protruding rock shelter. I
Page 51 and 52: map map map map map FIG. 26b: BRADL
Page 53 and 54: impossible that these two sites eve
Page 55 and 56: * 1.2.3.2.5 The group north of Roth
Page 57 and 58: illus FIGURE 32: VIEWS FROM THE CHA
Page 59 and 60: not mean that this has been intende
Page 61 and 62: concentrations of stone circles and
Page 63 and 64: my study area. Their distribution m
Page 65 and 66: on the coast opposite Muros peninsu
Page 67 and 68: illus FIGURE 39: PETROGLYPH SITES A
Page 69 and 70: FIG.42: SANTA TECLA, CASTRO. instan
Page 71 and 72: small bit of the Taxes valley (mark
Page 73 and 74: Moreover, from whatever direction t
Page 75 and 76: argue that all these sites command
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One petroglyph outcrop stone is eve
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� CHAPTER 1.3.2 � GARGAMALA, A
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FIGURE 52: VISIBILITY FROM THE SITE
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encircle the ridge. Also the distri
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idge, centring on sites 3 and 4. Wh
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APPENDIX 1 AN INVENTORY OF THE ROCK
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Group 7C. Described by COSTAS GOBER
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and is approximately 1 to 0.5 cm de
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� CHAPTER 1.4 � THE ALPS, THE B
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* 1.4.1.1.1 There indeed prove to b
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* 1.4.1.1.2 Although the Alps are r
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FIG. 63: PART OF COREN DE LE FATE,
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floodplain of the valley of the Upp
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This rock also features a small cup
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idge called Crete des Barmes, only
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� CHAPTER 1.4.2 � ELVAS AND SPR
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photo photo photo photo FIG. 77: TH
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found linearly grouped along a stee
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undertaken (Figs 84 and 85). The tr
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FIGURE 87: SPRONS 2. The lack of ro
Page 118 and 119:
especially dealing with the distrib
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In many rock art regions there seem
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occur in a vast area. Many cupules
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� CHAPTER 1.5.1 � DISTRIBUTION
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icecap first caused the land to sin
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the study area, especially in Swede
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Page 132 and 133:
illus. illus. FIG. 97: ROCK ART DIS
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islands in bays or in lake systems
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* 1.5.3.1.1 It is remarkable that r
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* 1.5.3.2.2 Probably the youngest r
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* 1.5.3.2.4.1 Almost every part of
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claiming the rock art at Helgaberg/
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This notch is also the first natura
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Another cupuled stone has been repo
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Swedish distribution moreover echoe
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APPENDIX 2. Spreadsheet summarising
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APPENDIX 4. A HORDALAND (Area 2) 37
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APPENDIX 6 There is always a proble
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� CHAPTER 2.1 � DISTRIBUTION OF
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centripetal pull. Not only impressi
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* 2.1.1 THE ALPINE SITUATION * We a
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* 2.1.2 THE BRITISH ISLES * Contrar
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FIGURE 129. BALLOCHMYLE. THIS IS A
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* 2.1.3 GALICIA * Unfortunately, th
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The distribution in south Sweden is
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� CHAPTER 2.2 � INSTANCES OF
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G stops at motif D. This proves tha
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example occurs at Gargamala 7J, Gal
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“....but 3 is special. It is one
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ILLUS FIGURE 140: ROCK ART ON TOP O
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* 2.2.1.1.3 GREENLAND * Unfortunate
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In my opinion, the Greenland raft o
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FOSSUM VITLYCKE HERREBRO LÖKEBERG
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on the same panel as the boat figur
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Equally, cup-and-rings sometimes ha
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Could this be an indication of a ma
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Such human figures have been labell
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earlier rosette figures and the cup
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FIGURE 155: FINNTORP, PHASES OF ENG
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solar symbolism as well. Later in t
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� CHAPTER 2.2.4 � GALICIA: THE
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animals, probably because of lack o
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The fact that this is not the case,
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FIGURE 161: OS CARBALLOS. M. van HO
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� SCANDINAVIAN SOLAR ANIMALS �
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of the two smaller animals at Lombo
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For the rest, combinations of cup-a
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place in rather peaceful cultures,
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A B� FIG. 174: A: RI CRUIN CIST;
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If indeed this engraving is a true
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other sites known to depict weaponr
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Illapel and La Silla belong to the
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* 3.1.3 COMPLEX MOTIFS * From the a
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� 3.2 THE CUP-AND-RING IN EUROPE
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The best way to achieve and maintai
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executed. This may explain why the
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and it seems that cup-and-ring site
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* 3.2.3 ENTRANCES TO THE SPIRIT WOR
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suggested that cupules symbolise th
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* 3.2.5 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CUPULES
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These migrations and explorations c
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andomly placed on the rocks, were e
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Later in the Neolithic more revolut
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The section below serves to acknowl
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14. BEDNARIK, R. G. 1996. Early roc
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39. COSTAS GOBERNA, F. J., NOVOA Á
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63. MARK, R. & NEWMAN, E. 1995. Cup
Page 257 and 258:
88. PETTERSSON, J. & G. KRISTIANSSO
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113. VAN HOEK, M. 1988b. Possible
Page 261:
137. VAN HOEK, M. & SMITH, C. 1988.
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