Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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FIG. 126: BOMBIE 1. either end of the central isthmus of Scotland (Fig. 124), may indicate influence from people who created the ‘later’ route via Galloway and also used the Firth of Clyde to connect with earlier routes to Tayside. Interestingly, the emphasis of multiple rings is clearly on a ‘later’ route. This later route runs from the SW of Ireland to Louth, then crosses the Irish Sea and focuses on the Solway Firth, creating a large number of petroglyph-centres on the coast of Galloway such as Bombie (Figs 126 and 127), and ultimately traverses England via two FIG. 127: BOMBIE 3, NOTE ABSENT CUPS. mountain passes to reach Northumberland and (later still) Yorkshire. Almost 65 % of all the cupules with five or more rings are located on this route. Especially around the northern part of the Irish Sea we find the greatest numbers of rings, culminating at the isolated outcrop site at Ballyculter where the two only motifs are a set with eight and one with ten concentric rings, both with an extremely small central cup (Fig. 128). Compared with the relative wealth of cupules with five or more rings in Scotland and Northumberland, the complete absence of such figures in the Pennine mountain range south of Northumberland, is FIGURE. 128: BALLYCULTER. most striking. Of the at least 800 cup-and-rings in the area, 20 examples (2.5 %) have four or more rings (compare with 89 (7.7 %) for Northumberland and 163 (12.5 %) for Galloway). Moreover, only one example with five rings is found (0.1 %) (and none with more rings) in an area that is many times bigger than the rock art region of Galloway. Apparently, the art in this area never did reach the same level of sophistication as the key areas further west or north. M. van HOEK: 160 GEOGRAPHY
FIGURE 129. BALLOCHMYLE. THIS IS A MOST IMPRESSIVE SITE COMPRISING TWO VERTICAL SANDSTONE CLIFFS COVERED WITH MORE THAN 900 CUPULES, OF WHICH MORE THAN 220 EXAMPLES HAVE UP TO FIVE RINGS. THIS ENORMOUS CLIFF SITE OVERLOOKS A SMALL ARENA-LIKE AREA, WHILE ALL VIEWS ARE BLOCKED. THE SMALL NATURAL AMPHITHEATRE MAY HAVE SERVED AS A CEREMONIAL GATHERING PLACE. TO THE EAST IS THE DEEP GORGE OF THE RIVER AYRE. THIS SITE IS TRULY ISOLATED AND IS FOUND 17 KM INLAND. To conclude, it is also remarkable that the major sites in these isles (Ballochmyle in SW Scotland (Fig. 129), Mevagh in north Donegal and Boheh on the west coast of Ireland), do not feature cupules with six or more rings. This, and their relatively isolated locations, may not only indicate a chronological distinction, but also may express the need of new regional focal points besides the ones already established much earlier on through routes. This may also point to a change in cultural conceptions. The same may also have happened in Scandinavia and Galicia (e.g. Gargamala). M. van HOEK: 161 GEOGRAPHY
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The World of Petroglyphs CD Special
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Impressum: Stonewatch Society for c
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M. van HOEK: GEOGRAPHY INDEX PART 1
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lifetime job. For instance, it took
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* 1.1.2 THE LIMITS OF THE SUBJECT *
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geomorphologic characteristics of t
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The Irish island has three major op
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� CHAPTER 1.2.1 � THE KILMARTIN
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It is certain that, also in the Kil
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possible site of menhir 8 are surro
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interfered with their observations.
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* 1.2.1.2 PETROGLYPHS AND INTERVISI
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* 1.2.1.2.1.1 The west route initia
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and the possible landing site. View
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photo photo photo FIG. 14: THE EAST
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Achnabreck is a complex of nine wid
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standing stone in Fig. 6) and for t
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The situation in the study area dif
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art sites in the study area (and el
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major route through the interior, a
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* 1.2.2.1.3 Still further east anot
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the rock art groups as their ritual
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elatively level land. These groups
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top of a protruding rock shelter. I
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map map map map map FIG. 26b: BRADL
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impossible that these two sites eve
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* 1.2.3.2.5 The group north of Roth
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illus FIGURE 32: VIEWS FROM THE CHA
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not mean that this has been intende
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concentrations of stone circles and
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my study area. Their distribution m
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on the coast opposite Muros peninsu
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illus FIGURE 39: PETROGLYPH SITES A
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FIG.42: SANTA TECLA, CASTRO. instan
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small bit of the Taxes valley (mark
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Moreover, from whatever direction t
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argue that all these sites command
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One petroglyph outcrop stone is eve
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� CHAPTER 1.3.2 � GARGAMALA, A
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FIGURE 52: VISIBILITY FROM THE SITE
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encircle the ridge. Also the distri
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idge, centring on sites 3 and 4. Wh
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APPENDIX 1 AN INVENTORY OF THE ROCK
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Group 7C. Described by COSTAS GOBER
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and is approximately 1 to 0.5 cm de
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� CHAPTER 1.4 � THE ALPS, THE B
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* 1.4.1.1.1 There indeed prove to b
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* 1.4.1.1.2 Although the Alps are r
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FIG. 63: PART OF COREN DE LE FATE,
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floodplain of the valley of the Upp
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This rock also features a small cup
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idge called Crete des Barmes, only
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� CHAPTER 1.4.2 � ELVAS AND SPR
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photo photo photo photo FIG. 77: TH
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found linearly grouped along a stee
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undertaken (Figs 84 and 85). The tr
Page 116 and 117: FIGURE 87: SPRONS 2. The lack of ro
Page 118 and 119: especially dealing with the distrib
Page 120 and 121: In many rock art regions there seem
Page 122 and 123: occur in a vast area. Many cupules
Page 124 and 125: � CHAPTER 1.5.1 � DISTRIBUTION
Page 126 and 127: icecap first caused the land to sin
Page 128 and 129: the study area, especially in Swede
Page 132 and 133: illus. illus. FIG. 97: ROCK ART DIS
Page 134 and 135: islands in bays or in lake systems
Page 138 and 139: * 1.5.3.1.1 It is remarkable that r
Page 140 and 141: * 1.5.3.2.2 Probably the youngest r
Page 142 and 143: * 1.5.3.2.4.1 Almost every part of
Page 144 and 145: claiming the rock art at Helgaberg/
Page 146 and 147: This notch is also the first natura
Page 148 and 149: Another cupuled stone has been repo
Page 150 and 151: Swedish distribution moreover echoe
Page 152 and 153: APPENDIX 2. Spreadsheet summarising
Page 154 and 155: APPENDIX 4. A HORDALAND (Area 2) 37
Page 156 and 157: APPENDIX 6 There is always a proble
Page 159 and 160: � CHAPTER 2.1 � DISTRIBUTION OF
Page 161 and 162: centripetal pull. Not only impressi
Page 163 and 164: * 2.1.1 THE ALPINE SITUATION * We a
Page 165: * 2.1.2 THE BRITISH ISLES * Contrar
Page 169 and 170: * 2.1.3 GALICIA * Unfortunately, th
Page 171 and 172: The distribution in south Sweden is
Page 173 and 174: � CHAPTER 2.2 � INSTANCES OF
Page 175 and 176: G stops at motif D. This proves tha
Page 177 and 178: example occurs at Gargamala 7J, Gal
Page 179 and 180: “....but 3 is special. It is one
Page 181 and 182: ILLUS FIGURE 140: ROCK ART ON TOP O
Page 183 and 184: * 2.2.1.1.3 GREENLAND * Unfortunate
Page 185 and 186: In my opinion, the Greenland raft o
Page 187 and 188: FOSSUM VITLYCKE HERREBRO LÖKEBERG
Page 189 and 190: on the same panel as the boat figur
Page 191 and 192: Equally, cup-and-rings sometimes ha
Page 193 and 194: Could this be an indication of a ma
Page 195 and 196: Such human figures have been labell
Page 197 and 198: earlier rosette figures and the cup
Page 199 and 200: FIGURE 155: FINNTORP, PHASES OF ENG
Page 201 and 202: solar symbolism as well. Later in t
Page 203 and 204: � CHAPTER 2.2.4 � GALICIA: THE
Page 205 and 206: animals, probably because of lack o
Page 207 and 208: The fact that this is not the case,
Page 209 and 210: FIGURE 161: OS CARBALLOS. M. van HO
Page 211 and 212: � SCANDINAVIAN SOLAR ANIMALS �
Page 213 and 214: of the two smaller animals at Lombo
Page 215 and 216: For the rest, combinations of cup-a
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place in rather peaceful cultures,
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A B� FIG. 174: A: RI CRUIN CIST;
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If indeed this engraving is a true
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other sites known to depict weaponr
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Illapel and La Silla belong to the
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* 3.1.3 COMPLEX MOTIFS * From the a
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� 3.2 THE CUP-AND-RING IN EUROPE
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The best way to achieve and maintai
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executed. This may explain why the
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and it seems that cup-and-ring site
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* 3.2.3 ENTRANCES TO THE SPIRIT WOR
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suggested that cupules symbolise th
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* 3.2.5 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CUPULES
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These migrations and explorations c
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andomly placed on the rocks, were e
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Later in the Neolithic more revolut
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The section below serves to acknowl
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14. BEDNARIK, R. G. 1996. Early roc
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39. COSTAS GOBERNA, F. J., NOVOA Á
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63. MARK, R. & NEWMAN, E. 1995. Cup
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88. PETTERSSON, J. & G. KRISTIANSSO
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113. VAN HOEK, M. 1988b. Possible
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137. VAN HOEK, M. & SMITH, C. 1988.
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Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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