Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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� CHAPTER 1.4.1 � * 1.4.1.1 DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS * Five main ‘concentrations’ of cupules with rings can be distinguished in the Alpine region. The major group is in Switzerland near the upper reaches of the river Rhine (sites 1 to 6 and 13 and 14, Fig. 58). There is a second, minor group in Trentino (sites 11 and 12) and a third in the Valcamonica (sites 7 to 10) in northern Italy. The fourth group is found in the Alps west of Turin (sites 21 to 24) and the last group is found around the Rhône (in the Savoie, France and in Wallis, Switzerland: sites 15 to 20). It is not the intention of this chapter to describe all these sites in detail. The main objective is to allow possible parallels and differences between sites in the Alps and those along the Atlantic seaboard to be established. photo map FIGURE 58: ALPINE DISTRIBUTION OF CUP-AND-RINGS. TO THESE SITE-NUMBERS WILL BE REFERRED TO THROUGHOUT THE TEXT. M. van HOEK: 88 GEOGRAPHY map
* 1.4.1.1.1 There indeed prove to be some remarkable differences between the Alps and the Atlantic seaboard. Firstly, there is the wide scattering of relatively scarce cup-andring sites in the Alps, contrary to the often heavy concentrations in Galicia and the British Isles. If we compare the relative density of cupules and the ringmarks (not cup-and-rings) around cupules of rock art regions with regions of more or less comparable surface (Fig. 59), there prove to be remarkable differences. It proves that FIG. 59: COMPARATIVE DENSITY OF MAJOR ROCK ART ELEMENTS. cup-and-ring regions of the British Isles (Kerry, Argyll and Galloway) have far more cupules and ringmarks than Alpine regions (Wallis, Trentino and Grigioni or Graubünden) of comparable surface. Indeed, in an area almost as big as the whole of the British Isles there are found only 23 complexes of rock art where true cup-and-ring motifs occur, against more than a thousand in the British Isles. But it must be kept in mind that not every ring with a central depression belongs to the so called cup-and-ring art tradition. One of the major characteristics of this specific rock art style is that cupand-rings are often accompanied by single cupules, either on the rock itself or on rocks in the immediate neighbourhood so that “a complex of cup-and-ring art” originates. I will briefly describe some examples of alleged cup-andrings here to explain the difference. On the east coast of Sardinia there is a long sea-cave, Bue Marino, where two cupules with a single ring each are found among 16 anthropomorphic figures. The FIG. 60: SARDINIA. glyphs have been carved on a M. van HOEK: 89 GEOGRAPHY
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The World of Petroglyphs CD Special
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Impressum: Stonewatch Society for c
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M. van HOEK: GEOGRAPHY INDEX PART 1
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lifetime job. For instance, it took
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* 1.1.2 THE LIMITS OF THE SUBJECT *
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geomorphologic characteristics of t
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The Irish island has three major op
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� CHAPTER 1.2.1 � THE KILMARTIN
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It is certain that, also in the Kil
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possible site of menhir 8 are surro
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interfered with their observations.
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* 1.2.1.2 PETROGLYPHS AND INTERVISI
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* 1.2.1.2.1.1 The west route initia
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and the possible landing site. View
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photo photo photo FIG. 14: THE EAST
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Achnabreck is a complex of nine wid
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standing stone in Fig. 6) and for t
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The situation in the study area dif
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art sites in the study area (and el
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major route through the interior, a
Page 43 and 44: * 1.2.2.1.3 Still further east anot
Page 45 and 46: the rock art groups as their ritual
Page 47 and 48: elatively level land. These groups
Page 49 and 50: top of a protruding rock shelter. I
Page 51 and 52: map map map map map FIG. 26b: BRADL
Page 53 and 54: impossible that these two sites eve
Page 55 and 56: * 1.2.3.2.5 The group north of Roth
Page 57 and 58: illus FIGURE 32: VIEWS FROM THE CHA
Page 59 and 60: not mean that this has been intende
Page 61 and 62: concentrations of stone circles and
Page 63 and 64: my study area. Their distribution m
Page 65 and 66: on the coast opposite Muros peninsu
Page 67 and 68: illus FIGURE 39: PETROGLYPH SITES A
Page 69 and 70: FIG.42: SANTA TECLA, CASTRO. instan
Page 71 and 72: small bit of the Taxes valley (mark
Page 73 and 74: Moreover, from whatever direction t
Page 75 and 76: argue that all these sites command
Page 77 and 78: One petroglyph outcrop stone is eve
Page 79 and 80: � CHAPTER 1.3.2 � GARGAMALA, A
Page 81 and 82: FIGURE 52: VISIBILITY FROM THE SITE
Page 83 and 84: encircle the ridge. Also the distri
Page 85 and 86: idge, centring on sites 3 and 4. Wh
Page 87 and 88: APPENDIX 1 AN INVENTORY OF THE ROCK
Page 89 and 90: Group 7C. Described by COSTAS GOBER
Page 91 and 92: and is approximately 1 to 0.5 cm de
Page 93: � CHAPTER 1.4 � THE ALPS, THE B
Page 97 and 98: * 1.4.1.1.2 Although the Alps are r
Page 99 and 100: FIG. 63: PART OF COREN DE LE FATE,
Page 101 and 102: floodplain of the valley of the Upp
Page 103 and 104: This rock also features a small cup
Page 105 and 106: idge called Crete des Barmes, only
Page 108 and 109: � CHAPTER 1.4.2 � ELVAS AND SPR
Page 110 and 111: photo photo photo photo FIG. 77: TH
Page 112 and 113: found linearly grouped along a stee
Page 114 and 115: undertaken (Figs 84 and 85). The tr
Page 116 and 117: FIGURE 87: SPRONS 2. The lack of ro
Page 118 and 119: especially dealing with the distrib
Page 120 and 121: In many rock art regions there seem
Page 122 and 123: occur in a vast area. Many cupules
Page 124 and 125: � CHAPTER 1.5.1 � DISTRIBUTION
Page 126 and 127: icecap first caused the land to sin
Page 128 and 129: the study area, especially in Swede
Page 132 and 133: illus. illus. FIG. 97: ROCK ART DIS
Page 134 and 135: islands in bays or in lake systems
Page 138 and 139: * 1.5.3.1.1 It is remarkable that r
Page 140 and 141: * 1.5.3.2.2 Probably the youngest r
Page 142 and 143: * 1.5.3.2.4.1 Almost every part of
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claiming the rock art at Helgaberg/
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This notch is also the first natura
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Another cupuled stone has been repo
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Swedish distribution moreover echoe
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APPENDIX 2. Spreadsheet summarising
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APPENDIX 4. A HORDALAND (Area 2) 37
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APPENDIX 6 There is always a proble
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� CHAPTER 2.1 � DISTRIBUTION OF
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centripetal pull. Not only impressi
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* 2.1.1 THE ALPINE SITUATION * We a
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* 2.1.2 THE BRITISH ISLES * Contrar
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FIGURE 129. BALLOCHMYLE. THIS IS A
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* 2.1.3 GALICIA * Unfortunately, th
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The distribution in south Sweden is
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� CHAPTER 2.2 � INSTANCES OF
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G stops at motif D. This proves tha
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example occurs at Gargamala 7J, Gal
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“....but 3 is special. It is one
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ILLUS FIGURE 140: ROCK ART ON TOP O
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* 2.2.1.1.3 GREENLAND * Unfortunate
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In my opinion, the Greenland raft o
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FOSSUM VITLYCKE HERREBRO LÖKEBERG
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on the same panel as the boat figur
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Equally, cup-and-rings sometimes ha
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Could this be an indication of a ma
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Such human figures have been labell
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earlier rosette figures and the cup
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FIGURE 155: FINNTORP, PHASES OF ENG
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solar symbolism as well. Later in t
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� CHAPTER 2.2.4 � GALICIA: THE
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animals, probably because of lack o
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The fact that this is not the case,
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FIGURE 161: OS CARBALLOS. M. van HO
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� SCANDINAVIAN SOLAR ANIMALS �
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of the two smaller animals at Lombo
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For the rest, combinations of cup-a
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place in rather peaceful cultures,
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A B� FIG. 174: A: RI CRUIN CIST;
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If indeed this engraving is a true
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other sites known to depict weaponr
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Illapel and La Silla belong to the
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* 3.1.3 COMPLEX MOTIFS * From the a
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� 3.2 THE CUP-AND-RING IN EUROPE
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The best way to achieve and maintai
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executed. This may explain why the
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and it seems that cup-and-ring site
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* 3.2.3 ENTRANCES TO THE SPIRIT WOR
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suggested that cupules symbolise th
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* 3.2.5 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CUPULES
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These migrations and explorations c
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andomly placed on the rocks, were e
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Later in the Neolithic more revolut
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The section below serves to acknowl
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14. BEDNARIK, R. G. 1996. Early roc
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39. COSTAS GOBERNA, F. J., NOVOA Á
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63. MARK, R. & NEWMAN, E. 1995. Cup
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88. PETTERSSON, J. & G. KRISTIANSSO
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113. VAN HOEK, M. 1988b. Possible
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137. VAN HOEK, M. & SMITH, C. 1988.
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Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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