Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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Another cupuled stone has been reported at Holsnanuten (1100 m OD) in the upland area east of the lake at Hellaug (Mandt Larsen 1972: 23). It is often noticed that cupules are found further inland than the cupand-rings of the area (Bradley 1997: 168; Burenhult 1980: 34). The most important decorated rock in the Vinje group, is an enormous boulder left by the melting glacier that once carved this valley. Again, the boulder is severely tilted. It has a very large and smooth steeply east sloping surface with some cupules and a couple of ill-formed and faint cup-andrings. The smaller west facing part, also sloping rather steeply, has a large collection of cupules and cup-and-rings (Fig. 115), probably all dating from the Neolithic period. Only four symbols, mainly cross-in-circles, may be from the Bronze Age. Prominently placed on this rock face are two large sets (50 cm in diameter each) with respectively five and seven concentric rings. They each have FIGURE 115: VINJE 1. a relatively small central cupule and the superficially engraved ringmarks are rather closely packed. This may point to a late Neolithic origin (Van Hoek 1998a: 55). Again, it is remarkable that this very steep rock face has been selected to bear the biggest collection of complex cup-and-ring motifs of the area. Without the modern built platform it would even be impossible to get a good view of the west facing part as the large rock partially overhangs the land to the west. The lower parts of the east face are far more suitable for engraving and viewing, but have largely been ignored. The heavily engraved surface overlooks Lake Stordal to the west, but the site is not intervisible with the rock at Flote. The next Chapter offers a discussion of Scandinavian cup-and-ring art as well as some (statistical) appendices. M. van HOEK: 142 GEOGRAPHY
� CHAPTER 1.5.4 � A FINAL DISCUSSION ON SCANDINAVIA * CONCLUSIONS * In the four preceding chapters I have considered the spread and the place of the cup-and-ring motif in Scandinavian rock art. Behind the irregular distribution of the rather scarcely occurring cup-and-ring motif two distinctive conclusions stand out. Most important is that it has been established that there is a fair chance that at least a number of the cupules and cup-and-rings may belong to the cup-and-ring tradition of Neolithic Europe. One could therefore say that Scandinavia most likely has both cup-and-ring motifs (elements of both the Neolithic and the Bronze Age rock art repertoires) as well as cup-and-ring symbols (belonging to the Neolithic cup-and-ring tradition). The distinction between the two, however, proves to be rather difficult, as Scandinavian cup-and-rings often appear intermingled with or incorporated into typical Bronze Age engravings. Especially the “disc-men”, cup-and-rings or ringmarks incorporated into anthropomorphic figures (Fig. 116), form a distinct class of designs where possible Neolithic cup-and-rings have been adapted by Bronze Age peoples. It seems highly probable that many circular motifs of the Scandinavian rock art repertoire, whether from the Neolithic or Bronze Age period, actually represent or has been interpreted as solar symbols. These “disc-men” and their interpretation will be fully FIG. 116: DISC-MEN. discussed in Chapter 2.2.3. The second major observation is that the great majority of the Scandinavian cup-and-rings is distinctly sea-related. The dominant coastal position becomes even more distinct, when rock art sites VITLYCKE, BOHUSLÄN. are related to the prehistoric water level. The Scandinavian distribution of cup-and-rings also strongly reflects the general preference, noted elsewhere in Europe, to execute cupules and cup-and-rings near suitable and sheltered landing places along the Atlantic seaboard. The M. van HOEK: 143 GEOGRAPHY
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The World of Petroglyphs CD Special
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Impressum: Stonewatch Society for c
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M. van HOEK: GEOGRAPHY INDEX PART 1
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lifetime job. For instance, it took
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* 1.1.2 THE LIMITS OF THE SUBJECT *
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geomorphologic characteristics of t
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The Irish island has three major op
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� CHAPTER 1.2.1 � THE KILMARTIN
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It is certain that, also in the Kil
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possible site of menhir 8 are surro
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interfered with their observations.
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* 1.2.1.2 PETROGLYPHS AND INTERVISI
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* 1.2.1.2.1.1 The west route initia
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and the possible landing site. View
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photo photo photo FIG. 14: THE EAST
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Achnabreck is a complex of nine wid
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standing stone in Fig. 6) and for t
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The situation in the study area dif
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art sites in the study area (and el
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major route through the interior, a
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* 1.2.2.1.3 Still further east anot
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the rock art groups as their ritual
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elatively level land. These groups
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top of a protruding rock shelter. I
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map map map map map FIG. 26b: BRADL
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impossible that these two sites eve
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* 1.2.3.2.5 The group north of Roth
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illus FIGURE 32: VIEWS FROM THE CHA
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not mean that this has been intende
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concentrations of stone circles and
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my study area. Their distribution m
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on the coast opposite Muros peninsu
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illus FIGURE 39: PETROGLYPH SITES A
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FIG.42: SANTA TECLA, CASTRO. instan
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small bit of the Taxes valley (mark
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Moreover, from whatever direction t
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argue that all these sites command
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One petroglyph outcrop stone is eve
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� CHAPTER 1.3.2 � GARGAMALA, A
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FIGURE 52: VISIBILITY FROM THE SITE
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encircle the ridge. Also the distri
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idge, centring on sites 3 and 4. Wh
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APPENDIX 1 AN INVENTORY OF THE ROCK
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Group 7C. Described by COSTAS GOBER
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and is approximately 1 to 0.5 cm de
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� CHAPTER 1.4 � THE ALPS, THE B
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* 1.4.1.1.1 There indeed prove to b
Page 97 and 98: * 1.4.1.1.2 Although the Alps are r
Page 99 and 100: FIG. 63: PART OF COREN DE LE FATE,
Page 101 and 102: floodplain of the valley of the Upp
Page 103 and 104: This rock also features a small cup
Page 105 and 106: idge called Crete des Barmes, only
Page 108 and 109: � CHAPTER 1.4.2 � ELVAS AND SPR
Page 110 and 111: photo photo photo photo FIG. 77: TH
Page 112 and 113: found linearly grouped along a stee
Page 114 and 115: undertaken (Figs 84 and 85). The tr
Page 116 and 117: FIGURE 87: SPRONS 2. The lack of ro
Page 118 and 119: especially dealing with the distrib
Page 120 and 121: In many rock art regions there seem
Page 122 and 123: occur in a vast area. Many cupules
Page 124 and 125: � CHAPTER 1.5.1 � DISTRIBUTION
Page 126 and 127: icecap first caused the land to sin
Page 128 and 129: the study area, especially in Swede
Page 132 and 133: illus. illus. FIG. 97: ROCK ART DIS
Page 134 and 135: islands in bays or in lake systems
Page 138 and 139: * 1.5.3.1.1 It is remarkable that r
Page 140 and 141: * 1.5.3.2.2 Probably the youngest r
Page 142 and 143: * 1.5.3.2.4.1 Almost every part of
Page 144 and 145: claiming the rock art at Helgaberg/
Page 146 and 147: This notch is also the first natura
Page 150 and 151: Swedish distribution moreover echoe
Page 152 and 153: APPENDIX 2. Spreadsheet summarising
Page 154 and 155: APPENDIX 4. A HORDALAND (Area 2) 37
Page 156 and 157: APPENDIX 6 There is always a proble
Page 159 and 160: � CHAPTER 2.1 � DISTRIBUTION OF
Page 161 and 162: centripetal pull. Not only impressi
Page 163 and 164: * 2.1.1 THE ALPINE SITUATION * We a
Page 165 and 166: * 2.1.2 THE BRITISH ISLES * Contrar
Page 167 and 168: FIGURE 129. BALLOCHMYLE. THIS IS A
Page 169 and 170: * 2.1.3 GALICIA * Unfortunately, th
Page 171 and 172: The distribution in south Sweden is
Page 173 and 174: � CHAPTER 2.2 � INSTANCES OF
Page 175 and 176: G stops at motif D. This proves tha
Page 177 and 178: example occurs at Gargamala 7J, Gal
Page 179 and 180: “....but 3 is special. It is one
Page 181 and 182: ILLUS FIGURE 140: ROCK ART ON TOP O
Page 183 and 184: * 2.2.1.1.3 GREENLAND * Unfortunate
Page 185 and 186: In my opinion, the Greenland raft o
Page 187 and 188: FOSSUM VITLYCKE HERREBRO LÖKEBERG
Page 189 and 190: on the same panel as the boat figur
Page 191 and 192: Equally, cup-and-rings sometimes ha
Page 193 and 194: Could this be an indication of a ma
Page 195 and 196: Such human figures have been labell
Page 197 and 198: earlier rosette figures and the cup
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FIGURE 155: FINNTORP, PHASES OF ENG
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solar symbolism as well. Later in t
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� CHAPTER 2.2.4 � GALICIA: THE
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animals, probably because of lack o
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The fact that this is not the case,
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FIGURE 161: OS CARBALLOS. M. van HO
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� SCANDINAVIAN SOLAR ANIMALS �
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of the two smaller animals at Lombo
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For the rest, combinations of cup-a
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place in rather peaceful cultures,
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A B� FIG. 174: A: RI CRUIN CIST;
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If indeed this engraving is a true
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other sites known to depict weaponr
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Illapel and La Silla belong to the
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* 3.1.3 COMPLEX MOTIFS * From the a
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� 3.2 THE CUP-AND-RING IN EUROPE
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The best way to achieve and maintai
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executed. This may explain why the
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and it seems that cup-and-ring site
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* 3.2.3 ENTRANCES TO THE SPIRIT WOR
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suggested that cupules symbolise th
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* 3.2.5 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CUPULES
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These migrations and explorations c
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andomly placed on the rocks, were e
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Later in the Neolithic more revolut
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The section below serves to acknowl
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14. BEDNARIK, R. G. 1996. Early roc
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39. COSTAS GOBERNA, F. J., NOVOA Á
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63. MARK, R. & NEWMAN, E. 1995. Cup
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88. PETTERSSON, J. & G. KRISTIANSSO
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113. VAN HOEK, M. 1988b. Possible
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137. VAN HOEK, M. & SMITH, C. 1988.
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Maarten van Hoek The Geography of Cup-and-Ring ... - StoneWatch

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