The psychopathology of everyday art: a quantitative Study - World ...

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Table 2. Diagnostic groups for 70 studies with criterion measures. Frequency and percentage by levels of result. Result 1: sig. association Diagnosis, condition 1 n=42 freq % schizophrenia emotional trauma drug/alcohol psychotic phobia neurological damage depression conduct disorder retarded gender disorder personality disorder mixed patients 11 26.2 5 11.9 1 2.4 2 4.8 5 11.9 4 9.5 1 2.4 3 7.1 0 0.0 1 2.4 8 19.0 Result 2: no association n=28 freq % 7 25.0 2 7.1 0 0.0 1 3.6 2 7.1 2 7.1 1 3.6 2 7.1 1 3.6 0 0.0 10 35.7 Result 1: significant association of measure with criterion test. Result 2: no association of measure with criterion test Table 3. Non-Parametric test to show differences between study factors for findings of association and non-association of art-test with criterion measure. Mann-Whitney U - Wilcoxian Rank Sum Test. Study variables Mean Rank for association of test- criterion n=42 Age group Diagnosis Criterion form No. of criterion measures Art-test form Comparison 36.58 33.13 30.29 30.67 39.32 39.33 Mean rank for no association of test - criterion n=28 33.88 39.05 43.32 42.75 29.77 29.75 110 Z scores Significance level. 2-tailed p value. -0.6545 -1.2151 -2.8692 -2.5916 -1.9900 -2.1027 0.5128 0.2243 0.0041 0.0096 0.0466 0.0355 There were no biases in demographic variables of age and diagnosis for studies which showed association or not. The majority of studies which showed associations between the art test and the criterion measure did not employ other criteria than the clinical diagnosis and used a mixture of test methods, whereas the tests which found no associations used predominantly cognitive criteria (IQ or achievement tests), were equally divided between 0-3 other measures than diagnosis and used primarily formal test
measurements, favouring the Draw-a-person protocol. The comparison was predominantly developmental, which category was absent from the tests which showed associations; cognitive measures were also popular and least popular was emotion, which was most popular in the test which showed associations. Summary: There were many more tests which showed associations with the criterion measure, but almost half the tests employed no other criteria than clinical diagnosis. However, the relationship of the diagnostic criterion to the art test was consistent with the comparison made by the study (on diagnosis), whereas the majority of the measures which employed another measure were achievement tests and their comparison was often not consistent with the orientation of the art test (37% compared achievement tests on diagnostic or emotional criteria). If the tests using only the diagnostic criteria were set aside, there are 2 points to note: (1) Tests which compared developmental qualities in drawings showed no association with criterion measures; and (2) Tests which compared emotional qualities tended to show association with criterion measures. There were equal numbers of studies on both sides for tests which compare cognitive aspects. These results confirm the recognised doubts about the validity of painting or drawing tests as developmental measures for psychiatric populations discussed in Chapter 1, and so their predictions of cognitive function and use in place of IQ tests. 111
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The psychopathology of everyday art
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Table of Contents Page Number Chapt
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List of Illustrations, Figures and
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quality. 113 Table 5: Reliability s
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Table, boxplot and spreadplot 1e (b
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Table 19: Correlation for DAPA vari
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Acknowledgements, thanks and forewo
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concludes on the effectiveness of t
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or drawing progresses, relationship
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The link between genius as a produc
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again by a multidisciplinary team w
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theoretical foundation relating art
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the content of which was seemingly
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approach. Some of the major critici
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Gestalt Analysis Rudolph Arnheim ha
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molar level and not by individual e
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Attempts to lists characteristics o
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tests are still popular in assessme
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investigation of artwork, but few h
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expressions of a disordered psyche.
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own paintings, or on interpretation
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pointing to integrative or global j
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Chapter Two: Review of the recent l
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etrieved from the Psychlit, which p
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a major proportion of the study mat
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psychopathology, something which is
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3 13 5 5 5 1 3 2 10 0 0 2 11 0 0 3
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social/developmental energy theorie
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advanced from all types of papers b
Page 60 and 61: Art therapists begin their career f
Page 62 and 63: talent and therefore do not fit in
Page 64 and 65: 2. Research studies There were two
Page 66 and 67: Method of study or description of t
Page 68 and 69: olds and only 2 with over 60s. The
Page 70 and 71: form of this expression and how it
Page 72 and 73: Content: 16 studies reported change
Page 74 and 75: Pictures by bipolar depressives sho
Page 76 and 77: This section does not deal strictly
Page 78 and 79: correlation of art elements with de
Page 80 and 81: of form 154 . The formal elements w
Page 82 and 83: ecognise and work through the situa
Page 84 and 85: Conclusion The use of art was not i
Page 86 and 87: Thematic interpretation varied with
Page 88 and 89: (2) to find out how the art relates
Page 90 and 91: There were 7 demographic variables:
Page 92 and 93: No. 1 judges 2 3 4 60 No. 2 Study 3
Page 94 and 95: satisfactory classification as it i
Page 96 and 97: or non-art tests which were not see
Page 98 and 99: favoured (12% n=6) over post measur
Page 100 and 101: procedures, or publishing bias, sin
Page 102 and 103: Table 8b. Analysis of variance perf
Page 104 and 105: spread between subjective and objec
Page 106 and 107: are linked to those artistic charac
Page 108 and 109: 3 Demographic variables were used f
Page 112 and 113: However, there were few tests which
Page 114 and 115: include recognisable or identifiabl
Page 116 and 117: and emotional indicators in drawing
Page 118 and 119: The DDS (1988) study was an explora
Page 120 and 121: which were not significant - and I
Page 122 and 123: eliability studies or studies which
Page 124 and 125: Thematic variables Table 1: reliabi
Page 126 and 127: etween grades of the same diagnosis
Page 128 and 129: personally expressive images than '
Page 130 and 131: to trees (52); size of figure (75);
Page 132 and 133: Table 4: reliability statistics and
Page 134 and 135: Line Table 5: reliability statistic
Page 136 and 137: Purpose or use of line contained on
Page 138 and 139: Shape variables (study no.) (o) obj
Page 140 and 141: Colour Table 7: reliability statist
Page 142 and 143: number of colours. Furthermore with
Page 144 and 145: subcategories were congruous and al
Page 146 and 147: (35, 46, 36, 38, 33); and indicator
Page 148 and 149: Summary: There are unresolved defin
Page 150 and 151: Summary: The effect which distingui
Page 152 and 153: Summary: Striking variation in glob
Page 154 and 155: Reliability: Perseveration is a non
Page 156 and 157: (including schizophrenics) against
Page 158 and 159: The studies are difficult to sum up
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indicate greater agreement (even th
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Two weaknesses lie in the simple ca
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of drawing areas and to quantify wh
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Is Meta Analysis appropriate for th
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techniques which compensate for unr
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drawing evaluation with comments fr
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There are few answers to this criti
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attention to overall effect sizes t
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The 'File Drawer Problem' (refer ba
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Table 2. All variables for 11 studi
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Less than a third of the drawing ar
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Case study and controlled research
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potential for psychiatric populatio
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only are discussed (indicators whic
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specific areas of positivity could
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Rating Guide (Hacking & Foreman 199
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Table 2: Summary table of expected
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Previous methods of assessing atomi
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cases as to whether informed consen
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It was decided to use a large mixed
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paintings was not reliable enough t
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computed on any of these levels. Gr
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The DAPA (Descriptive Assessment fo
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The extremes of the distribution fo
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The difficulty with using t-tests i
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addition it leaves out other variab
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nebulous for reasonable conclusions
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identified were included in the stu
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DISCUSSION • The validity of the
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and the test used terminology which
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How the data were structured Althou
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How well does the method agree? Tab
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- 76% - of the scales were rated wi
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Green Blue Brown White Black Intens
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All of the scales were understood b
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Table 1: Demographics for experimen
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classify, even as in and out patien
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score for each subject was a ratio
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each participant received the same
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Results Interaction effects: The me
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was no evidence of impoverishment f
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Chapter 5. Results This chapter pre
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appendix 2) and these were left in
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fairly small, less than 0.1, indica
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Red, Green, Black, Drawn Line, Emot
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1. Neither schizophrenics nor depre
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schizophrenia was indistinguishable
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Black: Black is the darkest colour
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the other groups since no confidenc
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Drawn line: The normal distribution
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proportions of empty space in the p
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1. Depressives showed significantly
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function contributed significantly
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the discriminant analysis. It will
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Subordinate Analyses Interaction ef
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Table 15: showing correlations betw
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2. Intensity showed a correlation o
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quality and reliability of their me
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as being unreliable, would be metho
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There would be a correlation betwee
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Figures 3. Map of Associations betw
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Schizophrenic pictures showed corre
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The DAPA results for depression are
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abusers 308 , but not the schizophr
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Control pictures showed the only as
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yellow Structural variables Figures
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directly, to answer this question.
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yellow and green, its removal would
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Schizophrenics used little colour e
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directly to the environment; assess
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influence on apparent negativity. W
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ather than for schizophrenia 335 .
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Supporting this point, the focus ar
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Several kinds of difficulties were
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portraiture, so it is difficult to
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1, as generally the scores for schi
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numbers resulted in differentiation
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at or above the usual level. Person
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size (_=0.36) which contrasts wildl
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sets had all the identified high ef
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hospital; the mean of up to 10 pain
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eliability of the test and shows th
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Chapter 7. Conclusion This thesis r
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probably because the form variables
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etween different groups of patients
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previously unexplored, which comple
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statistical tests and missing data
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psychopathology in clinical diagnos
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6 scales to categorise commonalitie
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Orientation of the researcher, what
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Validity Analysis of controlled stu
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_ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 _ .3_ 1 1 _ B _ 2 1 2
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6j. Standard differences from mean
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Correlation table 16 for DAPA varia
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eliefs to depression. cannot be mat
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Table 4: summarising changes or sig
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Table 6: summarising changes or sig
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13 22y. male Violence and substance
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Crosstabulations 1-6: contingency t
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Crosstabulation 3: ORIENTATION By B
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Crosstabulation 5: FORM OF EXPRESSI
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Reliability Study Chapter 4 - Metho
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Raters R1-7 score for ORANGE, pics
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-4_ _ R-A _________________________
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e _ _ -4_ _ R-A ___________________
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c _ _ e _ _ -4_ _ R-A _____________
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Appendix 3 Table of Authorities 1.
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connection from victim to victimize
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Hodnett, M.L. (1973), A broader vie
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Muller-Braunschweig, H. (1975), Psy
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Siegel, L. (1988), The use of mural
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Psycho-Analysis , V.6(2):183-200. 3
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10 Fagin, I. (1983), Images of grow
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Institute Creative Arts Therapy Rev
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psychotics, Perceptual and Motor Sk
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Appendix 4 Development of the Descr
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D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
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INTENSITY DEFINITION: Firstly, the
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SPACE >10% >25% >55% >80% >100% DEF
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Part 2 Rating Sheet for DAPA: Hacki
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Rating Sheet for Casenotes DAPA ver
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D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
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Intensity DEFINITION: The brightnes
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Form sheet for Artists. Side 2. DAP
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Appendix 5 Permission for study, in
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North Staffordshire Health Authorit
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Psychiatry Dept., School P.G. Medic
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Bibliography 418
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Psychiatry, 152(suppl.1): 33-57. Ca
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V.11: 139-143. Kaplan, F.F. (1996),
Page 424 and 425:
Reuven, S.K. (1998), Reversal of a
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Blackwell. Arrington, D. (1992), Ar
Page 428 and 429:
MacGregor, J.D. (1989), The Discove
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Research (ICD-10 DCR), Geneva: Auth
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