Muller-Braunschweig, H. (1975), Psychopathology and creativity, Psychoanalytic <strong>Study</strong> <strong>of</strong> Society , V.67:1-99. Mullins, J.B. (1973), <strong>The</strong> expressive therapies in special education, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Oct., V.13(1):52- 8. Nagaraja, J. (1975), Psycho-iconography and the mentally sick, Child Psychiatry Qu<strong>art</strong>erly , Jan., V.8(1):6- 13. Naitove, C.E. (1988), Arts therapy with child molesters: an historical perspective on the act and an approach to treatment, Arts in Psychotherapy , Sum., V.15(2):151-160. Naitove, C.E. (1985), Protecting our children: the fight against molestation, Arts in Psychotherapy , Sum., V.12(2):115-6. Naitove, C.E. (1978), Symbolic patterns in drawings by habitual users <strong>of</strong> street drugs: a pilot study, Confinia Psychiatrica , V.21(1-3):112-8. Nathan, T.S., Hesse, P.P. (1978), Developmental and interactional aspects <strong>of</strong> creative expression in the course <strong>of</strong> group therapy, Confinia Psychiatrica , V.21(1-3):119-132. Nez, D. (1991), Persephone's return: archetypal <strong>art</strong> therapy and the treatment <strong>of</strong> a survivor <strong>of</strong> abuse, Arts in Psychotherap y , V.18(2):123-130. Nielsen, K.E. (1982), Creative <strong>art</strong>s therapy as a tool in promoting ego integration in delinquent adolescent girls, Pratt Institute Creative Arts <strong>The</strong>rapy Review , V.3:21-31. Noah-Cooper, C.L., Richards, R.G. (1983), Art therapy for an angry child: a case study, Academic <strong>The</strong>rapy , V.18(5):575-81. Nystul, M. (1987), Strategies for parent-centred counselling <strong>of</strong> the young, Creative Child and Adult Qu<strong>art</strong>erly , Sum., V.12(2):103-110. Obernbreit, R. (1985), Object relations theory and the language <strong>of</strong> <strong>art</strong>: tools for treatment <strong>of</strong> the borderline patient, Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Mar., V.2(1):11-18. Obernbreit, R. (1980), Art <strong>The</strong>rapy: agent in education, Pratt Institute Creative Arts <strong>The</strong>rapy Review , V.1:59-66. Ormay, A.P. (1990), Art as communication: a group analytic view, Group Analysis , Dec., V.3(4):377- 389. Parciack, R., Winnik, H.Z., Shmueli, M. (1975), Aggression in painting: painting as a means <strong>of</strong> release <strong>of</strong> aggression, Mental Health and Society , V.2(3-6):225-237. Percoskie, S. (1997) Art therapy with the Alzheimer's client, Humanistic Psychologist , Summer, V.25(2):208-11. Perry, J.W. (1973), <strong>The</strong> creative element in madness, Art Psychotherapy Apr., V.1(1):61-5. Pickford, R.W. (1974), Aspects <strong>of</strong> <strong>art</strong> therapy, British J. <strong>of</strong> Projective Psychology and Personality <strong>Study</strong> , Jun., V.19(1):16-20. Poldinger, W. (1987), <strong>The</strong> relation between depression and <strong>art</strong>. Psychopathology , Feb., V.19 (Suppl.2):263-268. Poldinger, W., Krambeck, K. (1987), <strong>The</strong> relevance <strong>of</strong> creativity for psychiatric therapy and rehabilitation, Comprehensive Psychiatry , Sep-Oct., V.28(5):384-388. Poore, M. (1977), Art therapy in a vocational rehabilitation center, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Jan. V.16(2):55-9. Potocek, J. Wilder, V.N. (1989), Art/movement psychotherapy in the treatment <strong>of</strong> the chemically dependent patient, Arts in Psychotherapy , Sum., V.16(2):99-103. Powell, L., Faherty, S.L. (1990), Treating sexually abused latency age girls: a 20 session treatment plan utilizing group process and the creative <strong>art</strong>s therapies, Arts in Psychotherapy , Spr., V.17(1):35-47. Powers, P.S., Langworthy, J. (1978), Art work: another dimension in the treatment <strong>of</strong> psychiatric patients, Art Psychotherapy , V.5(2):71-9. Prager, A. (1995), Paediatric <strong>art</strong> therapy: strategies and applications, Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , V.12(1):32-8. Pulliam, J.C. (1988), Three heads are better than one: the expressive <strong>art</strong>s group assessment, Arts in Psychotherapy , Spr., V.15(1):71-7. Rabinowitz, J. (1985), Time-lapse family portrait: the use <strong>of</strong> drawings in family therapy, Family <strong>The</strong>rapy , V.12(3):303-9. Reiner, E.R., Tellin, J.A., O'Reilly, J.B. (1977), A picture regression scale for adults, Art Psychotherapy , V.4:219-223. Rhineh<strong>art</strong>, L., Engelhorn, P. (1982), Pre-image considerations as a therapeutic process, Arts in Psychotherapy , Spr., V.9(1):55-63. Rhyne, J. (1973), <strong>The</strong> gestalt approach to experience, <strong>art</strong> and <strong>art</strong> therapy, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Jul., 382
V.12(4):237-248. Riley, S. (1997) Social Constructivism: the narrative approach to clinical <strong>art</strong> therapy, Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , V.14(4):282-284. Riley, S. (1993), Illustrating the family story: <strong>art</strong> therapy, a lens for viewing the family's reality, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.20(3):253-264. Riley, S. (1987), <strong>The</strong> advantages <strong>of</strong> <strong>art</strong> therapy in an outpatient clinic, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , V.26(1):21-29. Riley, S. (1994), Rethinking adolescent <strong>art</strong> therapy treatment, J. Child and Adolescent Group <strong>The</strong>rapy , Jun., V.4(2):81-97. Robbins, A. (1973), A psychoanalytic prospective towards the inter relationship <strong>of</strong> the creative process and the functions <strong>of</strong> an <strong>art</strong> therapist, Art Psychotherapy , Apr., V.1(1):7-12. Robbins, A. (1992), <strong>The</strong> play <strong>of</strong> psychotherapeutic <strong>art</strong>istry and psychoaesthetics, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.19(3):177-186. Robbins, A. (1973), <strong>The</strong> <strong>art</strong> therapist's imagery as a response to a therapeutic dialogue, Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Win., V.1(3-4):181-184. Robbins, A. (1988), A psychoaesthetic perspective on creative <strong>art</strong>s therapy and training, Arts in Psychotherapy , Sum., V.15(2):95-100. Rogers, P. (1987), <strong>The</strong> healing evocation <strong>of</strong> beauty, Pratt Institute Creative Arts <strong>The</strong>rapy Review , V.8:1- 13. Roje, J. (1994) Consciousness as manifested in <strong>art</strong>: a journey from the concrete to the meaningful, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.21(5):375-385. Rosling, L.K., Kitchen, J. (1992), Music and drawing with institutionalised elderly, Activities, Adaptation and Aging , V.17(2):27-38. Rosman, Y., Assael, M., Gabbay, F. (1975), Spontaneous group drawing, Mental Health and Society , V.2(3-6):238-242. Rothenberg, A. (1987), Empathy as a creative process in treatment, Int. Review <strong>of</strong> Psycho-Analysis , V.14(4):445-463. Rubin, J.A. (1985), Imagery in <strong>art</strong> therapy: the source, the setting and the significance, Journal <strong>of</strong> Mental Imagery , Win., V.9(4):71-81. Rubin, J.A. (1973), A diagnostic <strong>art</strong> interview, Art Psychotherapy , Apr., V.1(1):31-43. Rubin, J.A. (1988), Art Counselling: an alternative, Elementary School Guidance and Counselling , Feb., V.22(3):180-5. Rubin, J.A. (1981), Art therapy in a community mental health center for children: a story <strong>of</strong> program development, Arts in Psychotherapy , V.8(2):109-114. Rusek, J. (1991), A creative approach to the treatment <strong>of</strong> resistance, Pratt Institute Creative Arts <strong>The</strong>rapy Review , V.12:9-15. Rush, K. (1978), <strong>The</strong> metaphorical journey: <strong>art</strong> therapy in symbolic exploration, Art Psychotherapy , V.5(3):149-155. Sagal, R. (1990), Helping older mentally retarded persons expand their socialization skills through the use <strong>of</strong> expressive therapies, Activities, Adaptation and Aging , V.15(1-2):99-109. Scanlon, K. (1993), Art therapy with autistic children, Pratt Institute Creative Arts <strong>The</strong>rapy Review , V.14:34-43. Schaverien, J. (1994), <strong>The</strong> transactional object: <strong>art</strong> psychotherapy in the treatment <strong>of</strong> anorexia, British J. <strong>of</strong> Psychotherapy, Fall, V.11(1):46-61. Schmais, C. (1988), Creative <strong>art</strong>s therapies and shamanism: a comparison, Arts in Psychotherapy , Win., V.15(4):281-284. Seftel, L. (1987), Understanding destruction in <strong>art</strong> therapy with children, Pratt Institute Creative Arts <strong>The</strong>rapy Review , V.8:27-34. Segal, R.M. (1984), Helping children express grief through symbolic communication, Social Casework , Dec., V.65(10):590-599. Shaughnessy, M.F., Tevelowitz, N. (1981), Creativity in <strong>art</strong> with the retarded, Creative Child and Adult Qu<strong>art</strong>erly , Fall, V.6(3):141-146. Sheahan, M. (1974), Picture your problems, Menninger Perspective , Sum., V.5(2)::16-21. Sherr, C. (1973), <strong>The</strong>rapeutic use <strong>of</strong> <strong>art</strong>work in a community mental health center, Am. J. Art <strong>The</strong>rapy , Apr., V.12(3):183-190. Shoemaker, R. (1978), <strong>The</strong> significance <strong>of</strong> the first picture in <strong>art</strong> therapy, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the 8th Annual Conference <strong>of</strong> the American Art <strong>The</strong>rapy Association , p.156-162. 383
- Page 1:
The psychopathology of everyday art
- Page 4 and 5:
Table of Contents Page Number Chapt
- Page 6 and 7:
List of Illustrations, Figures and
- Page 8 and 9:
quality. 113 Table 5: Reliability s
- Page 10 and 11:
Table, boxplot and spreadplot 1e (b
- Page 12 and 13:
Table 19: Correlation for DAPA vari
- Page 14 and 15:
Acknowledgements, thanks and forewo
- Page 16 and 17:
concludes on the effectiveness of t
- Page 18 and 19:
or drawing progresses, relationship
- Page 20 and 21:
The link between genius as a produc
- Page 22 and 23:
again by a multidisciplinary team w
- Page 24 and 25:
theoretical foundation relating art
- Page 26 and 27:
the content of which was seemingly
- Page 28 and 29:
approach. Some of the major critici
- Page 30 and 31:
Gestalt Analysis Rudolph Arnheim ha
- Page 32 and 33:
molar level and not by individual e
- Page 34 and 35:
Attempts to lists characteristics o
- Page 36 and 37:
tests are still popular in assessme
- Page 38 and 39:
investigation of artwork, but few h
- Page 40 and 41:
expressions of a disordered psyche.
- Page 42 and 43:
own paintings, or on interpretation
- Page 44 and 45:
pointing to integrative or global j
- Page 46 and 47:
Chapter Two: Review of the recent l
- Page 48 and 49:
etrieved from the Psychlit, which p
- Page 50 and 51:
a major proportion of the study mat
- Page 52 and 53:
psychopathology, something which is
- Page 54 and 55:
3 13 5 5 5 1 3 2 10 0 0 2 11 0 0 3
- Page 56 and 57:
social/developmental energy theorie
- Page 58 and 59:
advanced from all types of papers b
- Page 60 and 61:
Art therapists begin their career f
- Page 62 and 63:
talent and therefore do not fit in
- Page 64 and 65:
2. Research studies There were two
- Page 66 and 67:
Method of study or description of t
- Page 68 and 69:
olds and only 2 with over 60s. The
- Page 70 and 71:
form of this expression and how it
- Page 72 and 73:
Content: 16 studies reported change
- Page 74 and 75:
Pictures by bipolar depressives sho
- Page 76 and 77:
This section does not deal strictly
- Page 78 and 79:
correlation of art elements with de
- Page 80 and 81:
of form 154 . The formal elements w
- Page 82 and 83:
ecognise and work through the situa
- Page 84 and 85:
Conclusion The use of art was not i
- Page 86 and 87:
Thematic interpretation varied with
- Page 88 and 89:
(2) to find out how the art relates
- Page 90 and 91:
There were 7 demographic variables:
- Page 92 and 93:
No. 1 judges 2 3 4 60 No. 2 Study 3
- Page 94 and 95:
satisfactory classification as it i
- Page 96 and 97:
or non-art tests which were not see
- Page 98 and 99:
favoured (12% n=6) over post measur
- Page 100 and 101:
procedures, or publishing bias, sin
- Page 102 and 103:
Table 8b. Analysis of variance perf
- Page 104 and 105:
spread between subjective and objec
- Page 106 and 107:
are linked to those artistic charac
- Page 108 and 109:
3 Demographic variables were used f
- Page 110 and 111:
Table 2. Diagnostic groups for 70 s
- Page 112 and 113:
However, there were few tests which
- Page 114 and 115:
include recognisable or identifiabl
- Page 116 and 117:
and emotional indicators in drawing
- Page 118 and 119:
The DDS (1988) study was an explora
- Page 120 and 121:
which were not significant - and I
- Page 122 and 123:
eliability studies or studies which
- Page 124 and 125:
Thematic variables Table 1: reliabi
- Page 126 and 127:
etween grades of the same diagnosis
- Page 128 and 129:
personally expressive images than '
- Page 130 and 131:
to trees (52); size of figure (75);
- Page 132 and 133:
Table 4: reliability statistics and
- Page 134 and 135:
Line Table 5: reliability statistic
- Page 136 and 137:
Purpose or use of line contained on
- Page 138 and 139:
Shape variables (study no.) (o) obj
- Page 140 and 141:
Colour Table 7: reliability statist
- Page 142 and 143:
number of colours. Furthermore with
- Page 144 and 145:
subcategories were congruous and al
- Page 146 and 147:
(35, 46, 36, 38, 33); and indicator
- Page 148 and 149:
Summary: There are unresolved defin
- Page 150 and 151:
Summary: The effect which distingui
- Page 152 and 153:
Summary: Striking variation in glob
- Page 154 and 155:
Reliability: Perseveration is a non
- Page 156 and 157:
(including schizophrenics) against
- Page 158 and 159:
The studies are difficult to sum up
- Page 160 and 161:
indicate greater agreement (even th
- Page 162 and 163:
Two weaknesses lie in the simple ca
- Page 164 and 165:
of drawing areas and to quantify wh
- Page 166 and 167:
Is Meta Analysis appropriate for th
- Page 168 and 169:
techniques which compensate for unr
- Page 170 and 171:
drawing evaluation with comments fr
- Page 172 and 173:
There are few answers to this criti
- Page 174 and 175:
attention to overall effect sizes t
- Page 176 and 177:
The 'File Drawer Problem' (refer ba
- Page 178 and 179:
Table 2. All variables for 11 studi
- Page 180 and 181:
Less than a third of the drawing ar
- Page 182 and 183:
Case study and controlled research
- Page 184 and 185:
potential for psychiatric populatio
- Page 186 and 187:
only are discussed (indicators whic
- Page 188 and 189:
specific areas of positivity could
- Page 190 and 191:
Rating Guide (Hacking & Foreman 199
- Page 192 and 193:
Table 2: Summary table of expected
- Page 194 and 195:
Previous methods of assessing atomi
- Page 196 and 197:
cases as to whether informed consen
- Page 198 and 199:
It was decided to use a large mixed
- Page 200 and 201:
paintings was not reliable enough t
- Page 202 and 203:
computed on any of these levels. Gr
- Page 204 and 205:
The DAPA (Descriptive Assessment fo
- Page 206 and 207:
The extremes of the distribution fo
- Page 208 and 209:
The difficulty with using t-tests i
- Page 210 and 211:
addition it leaves out other variab
- Page 212 and 213:
nebulous for reasonable conclusions
- Page 214 and 215:
identified were included in the stu
- Page 216 and 217:
DISCUSSION • The validity of the
- Page 218 and 219:
and the test used terminology which
- Page 220 and 221:
How the data were structured Althou
- Page 222 and 223:
How well does the method agree? Tab
- Page 224 and 225:
- 76% - of the scales were rated wi
- Page 226 and 227:
Green Blue Brown White Black Intens
- Page 228 and 229:
All of the scales were understood b
- Page 230 and 231:
Table 1: Demographics for experimen
- Page 232 and 233:
classify, even as in and out patien
- Page 234 and 235:
score for each subject was a ratio
- Page 236 and 237:
each participant received the same
- Page 238 and 239:
Results Interaction effects: The me
- Page 240 and 241:
was no evidence of impoverishment f
- Page 242 and 243:
Chapter 5. Results This chapter pre
- Page 244 and 245:
appendix 2) and these were left in
- Page 246 and 247:
fairly small, less than 0.1, indica
- Page 248 and 249:
Red, Green, Black, Drawn Line, Emot
- Page 250 and 251:
1. Neither schizophrenics nor depre
- Page 252 and 253:
schizophrenia was indistinguishable
- Page 254 and 255:
Black: Black is the darkest colour
- Page 256 and 257:
the other groups since no confidenc
- Page 258 and 259:
Drawn line: The normal distribution
- Page 260 and 261:
proportions of empty space in the p
- Page 262 and 263:
1. Depressives showed significantly
- Page 264 and 265:
function contributed significantly
- Page 266 and 267:
the discriminant analysis. It will
- Page 268 and 269:
Subordinate Analyses Interaction ef
- Page 270 and 271:
Table 15: showing correlations betw
- Page 272 and 273:
2. Intensity showed a correlation o
- Page 274 and 275:
quality and reliability of their me
- Page 276 and 277:
as being unreliable, would be metho
- Page 278 and 279:
There would be a correlation betwee
- Page 280 and 281:
Figures 3. Map of Associations betw
- Page 282 and 283:
Schizophrenic pictures showed corre
- Page 284 and 285:
The DAPA results for depression are
- Page 286 and 287:
abusers 308 , but not the schizophr
- Page 288 and 289:
Control pictures showed the only as
- Page 290 and 291:
yellow Structural variables Figures
- Page 292 and 293:
directly, to answer this question.
- Page 294 and 295:
yellow and green, its removal would
- Page 296 and 297:
Schizophrenics used little colour e
- Page 298 and 299:
directly to the environment; assess
- Page 300 and 301:
influence on apparent negativity. W
- Page 302 and 303:
ather than for schizophrenia 335 .
- Page 304 and 305:
Supporting this point, the focus ar
- Page 306 and 307:
Several kinds of difficulties were
- Page 308 and 309:
portraiture, so it is difficult to
- Page 310 and 311:
1, as generally the scores for schi
- Page 312 and 313:
numbers resulted in differentiation
- Page 314 and 315:
at or above the usual level. Person
- Page 316 and 317:
size (_=0.36) which contrasts wildl
- Page 318 and 319:
sets had all the identified high ef
- Page 320 and 321:
hospital; the mean of up to 10 pain
- Page 322 and 323:
eliability of the test and shows th
- Page 324 and 325:
Chapter 7. Conclusion This thesis r
- Page 326 and 327:
probably because the form variables
- Page 328 and 329:
etween different groups of patients
- Page 330 and 331:
previously unexplored, which comple
- Page 332 and 333: statistical tests and missing data
- Page 334 and 335: psychopathology in clinical diagnos
- Page 336 and 337: 6 scales to categorise commonalitie
- Page 338 and 339: Orientation of the researcher, what
- Page 340 and 341: Validity Analysis of controlled stu
- Page 342 and 343: _ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 _ .3_ 1 1 _ B _ 2 1 2
- Page 344 and 345: 6j. Standard differences from mean
- Page 346 and 347: Correlation table 16 for DAPA varia
- Page 348 and 349: Correlation table 20 for DAPA varia
- Page 350 and 351: Correlation table 19 for DAPA varia
- Page 352 and 353: eliefs to depression. cannot be mat
- Page 354 and 355: Table 4: summarising changes or sig
- Page 356 and 357: Table 6: summarising changes or sig
- Page 358 and 359: 13 22y. male Violence and substance
- Page 360 and 361: Crosstabulations 1-6: contingency t
- Page 362 and 363: Crosstabulation 3: ORIENTATION By B
- Page 364 and 365: Crosstabulation 5: FORM OF EXPRESSI
- Page 366 and 367: Reliability Study Chapter 4 - Metho
- Page 368 and 369: Raters R1-7 score for ORANGE, pics
- Page 370 and 371: -4_ _ R-A _________________________
- Page 372 and 373: e _ _ -4_ _ R-A ___________________
- Page 374 and 375: c _ _ e _ _ -4_ _ R-A _____________
- Page 376 and 377: Appendix 3 Table of Authorities 1.
- Page 378 and 379: connection from victim to victimize
- Page 380 and 381: Hodnett, M.L. (1973), A broader vie
- Page 384 and 385: Siegel, L. (1988), The use of mural
- Page 386 and 387: Psycho-Analysis , V.6(2):183-200. 3
- Page 388 and 389: 10 Fagin, I. (1983), Images of grow
- Page 390 and 391: Institute Creative Arts Therapy Rev
- Page 392 and 393: psychotics, Perceptual and Motor Sk
- Page 394 and 395: Appendix 4 Development of the Descr
- Page 396 and 397: D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
- Page 398 and 399: INTENSITY DEFINITION: Firstly, the
- Page 400 and 401: SPACE >10% >25% >55% >80% >100% DEF
- Page 402 and 403: Part 2 Rating Sheet for DAPA: Hacki
- Page 404 and 405: Rating Sheet for Casenotes DAPA ver
- Page 406 and 407: D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
- Page 408 and 409: Intensity DEFINITION: The brightnes
- Page 410 and 411: Form sheet for Artists. Side 2. DAP
- Page 412 and 413: Appendix 5 Permission for study, in
- Page 414 and 415: North Staffordshire Health Authorit
- Page 416 and 417: Psychiatry Dept., School P.G. Medic
- Page 418 and 419: Bibliography 418
- Page 420 and 421: Psychiatry, 152(suppl.1): 33-57. Ca
- Page 422 and 423: V.11: 139-143. Kaplan, F.F. (1996),
- Page 424 and 425: Reuven, S.K. (1998), Reversal of a
- Page 426 and 427: Blackwell. Arrington, D. (1992), Ar
- Page 428 and 429: MacGregor, J.D. (1989), The Discove
- Page 430 and 431: Research (ICD-10 DCR), Geneva: Auth