The psychopathology of everyday art: a quantitative Study - World ...

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Chapter 5. Results This chapter presents the results of the main analyses for study 2. There are 3 sections: 1. Treatment of the data, which details the preliminary procedures to prepare the raw data for analysis; control of potential confounding variables, and transformation to normal distributions where appropriate; 2. Results of the main analyses. 3. Results of the subordinate analyses. Preparation of the data Transformation of the data: Tables and figures 1a-l, 2a-f and 3a-f can be found in Appendix 2. This set of statistics presents the raw data before and after transformation. Each variable is shown as: (i) Boxplots, for easy comparison between groups; (ii) Tables of means, for each group and whole population; (iii) Spreadlevel plot of the logarithmic co-ordinates for each group from which the Levene statistics are calculated. Other tables which summarise the information are presented in text. Variables which did not show a normal distribution There was marked heterogeneity of variance within groups for 9 untransformed variables; red, yellow, orange, purple, brown, white, painted line, drawn line and form. Tables and figures 1a-i (appendix 2) show the raw data for variables which were transformed or deleted. Levene test results and projected transformations of the data to achieve normal distributions are presented in table 4 below. 242
Table 4, showing projected transformations for data based on computations designed to verify the assumptions of the ANOVA test. Tests of homogeneity of variance [df1=4; df2=104] Dependent variable Red Yellow Orange Purple Green Blue Brown White Black Intensity Paint-Line Drawn-Line Space Em-Tone Form Levene Statistic and significance level 3.0023 (p=0.02) 4.2948 (p=0.00) 5.4983 (p=0.00) * 1.9975 (p=0.10) 1.2702 (p=0.29) 3.1268 (p=0.02) * 2.7400 (p=0.03) 2.5948 (p=0.04) * 2.9744 (p=0.02) 1.6085 (p=0.18) 2.4954 (p=0.05) 6.0704 (p=0.00) Power for transformation .329 .709 .529 * .789 -.198 .544 * 1.391 0.502 * 1.241 4.756 1.622 0.657 243 Action SQRT SQRT SQRT * LEAVE LEAVE SQRT * SQUARE SQROOT * SQUARE LEAVE SQUARE SQROOT * Median not positive so LN of Spread vs LN of Level is not plotted. Homogeneity of variance not tested. Insufficient unique spread/level pairs to compute the regression slope. Table 5, showing transformed data based on computations designed to verify the assumptions of the ANOVA test. Tests of homogeneity of variance [df1=4; df2=104] Dependent variable Red Yellow Orange Brown Black Intensity Drawn line Em tone Form Levene Statistic and significance level 0.6942 (p=0.5976) 1.8480 (p=0.1253) 4.7938 (p=0.0014) 1.2466 (p=0.2959) 5.0957 (p=0.0009) 2.8094 (p=0.0292) 1.8426 (p=0.1263) 2.4488 (p=0.0508) 1.0938 (p=0.3636) Action RETAIN RETAIN + RETAIN * + RETAIN + RETAIN * Squaring the data did not produce appreciable difference and the removal of outliers did not affect the distribution. Therefore no clear appropriate transformation of this figure emerged. + Although there was some improvement on Orange, values remained highly significant so this variable was dropped. The other 2 variables, Emotional Tone only gained slightly and was only just significant in its original state so was judged better left within tolerance (0.05); Intensity became significant on transformation (p=0.04) so it was also left. Variables left untransformed Transformation achieved no better results for homogeneity in the population than the original statistics for 3 variables: black, intensity, emotional tone (tables/figs 2a-f,
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The psychopathology of everyday art
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Table of Contents Page Number Chapt
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List of Illustrations, Figures and
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quality. 113 Table 5: Reliability s
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Table, boxplot and spreadplot 1e (b
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Table 19: Correlation for DAPA vari
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Acknowledgements, thanks and forewo
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concludes on the effectiveness of t
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or drawing progresses, relationship
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The link between genius as a produc
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again by a multidisciplinary team w
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theoretical foundation relating art
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the content of which was seemingly
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approach. Some of the major critici
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Gestalt Analysis Rudolph Arnheim ha
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molar level and not by individual e
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Attempts to lists characteristics o
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tests are still popular in assessme
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investigation of artwork, but few h
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expressions of a disordered psyche.
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own paintings, or on interpretation
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pointing to integrative or global j
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Chapter Two: Review of the recent l
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etrieved from the Psychlit, which p
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a major proportion of the study mat
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psychopathology, something which is
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3 13 5 5 5 1 3 2 10 0 0 2 11 0 0 3
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social/developmental energy theorie
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advanced from all types of papers b
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Art therapists begin their career f
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talent and therefore do not fit in
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2. Research studies There were two
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Method of study or description of t
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olds and only 2 with over 60s. The
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form of this expression and how it
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Content: 16 studies reported change
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Pictures by bipolar depressives sho
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This section does not deal strictly
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correlation of art elements with de
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of form 154 . The formal elements w
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ecognise and work through the situa
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Conclusion The use of art was not i
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Thematic interpretation varied with
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(2) to find out how the art relates
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There were 7 demographic variables:
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No. 1 judges 2 3 4 60 No. 2 Study 3
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satisfactory classification as it i
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or non-art tests which were not see
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favoured (12% n=6) over post measur
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procedures, or publishing bias, sin
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Table 8b. Analysis of variance perf
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spread between subjective and objec
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are linked to those artistic charac
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3 Demographic variables were used f
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Table 2. Diagnostic groups for 70 s
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However, there were few tests which
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include recognisable or identifiabl
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and emotional indicators in drawing
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The DDS (1988) study was an explora
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which were not significant - and I
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eliability studies or studies which
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Thematic variables Table 1: reliabi
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etween grades of the same diagnosis
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personally expressive images than '
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to trees (52); size of figure (75);
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Table 4: reliability statistics and
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Line Table 5: reliability statistic
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Purpose or use of line contained on
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Shape variables (study no.) (o) obj
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Colour Table 7: reliability statist
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number of colours. Furthermore with
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subcategories were congruous and al
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(35, 46, 36, 38, 33); and indicator
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Summary: There are unresolved defin
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Summary: The effect which distingui
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Summary: Striking variation in glob
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Reliability: Perseveration is a non
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(including schizophrenics) against
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The studies are difficult to sum up
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indicate greater agreement (even th
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Two weaknesses lie in the simple ca
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of drawing areas and to quantify wh
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Is Meta Analysis appropriate for th
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techniques which compensate for unr
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drawing evaluation with comments fr
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There are few answers to this criti
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attention to overall effect sizes t
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The 'File Drawer Problem' (refer ba
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Table 2. All variables for 11 studi
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Less than a third of the drawing ar
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Case study and controlled research
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potential for psychiatric populatio
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only are discussed (indicators whic
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specific areas of positivity could
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Rating Guide (Hacking & Foreman 199
Page 192 and 193: Table 2: Summary table of expected
Page 194 and 195: Previous methods of assessing atomi
Page 196 and 197: cases as to whether informed consen
Page 198 and 199: It was decided to use a large mixed
Page 200 and 201: paintings was not reliable enough t
Page 202 and 203: computed on any of these levels. Gr
Page 204 and 205: The DAPA (Descriptive Assessment fo
Page 206 and 207: The extremes of the distribution fo
Page 208 and 209: The difficulty with using t-tests i
Page 210 and 211: addition it leaves out other variab
Page 212 and 213: nebulous for reasonable conclusions
Page 214 and 215: identified were included in the stu
Page 216 and 217: DISCUSSION • The validity of the
Page 218 and 219: and the test used terminology which
Page 220 and 221: How the data were structured Althou
Page 222 and 223: How well does the method agree? Tab
Page 224 and 225: - 76% - of the scales were rated wi
Page 226 and 227: Green Blue Brown White Black Intens
Page 228 and 229: All of the scales were understood b
Page 230 and 231: Table 1: Demographics for experimen
Page 232 and 233: classify, even as in and out patien
Page 234 and 235: score for each subject was a ratio
Page 236 and 237: each participant received the same
Page 238 and 239: Results Interaction effects: The me
Page 240 and 241: was no evidence of impoverishment f
Page 244 and 245: appendix 2) and these were left in
Page 246 and 247: fairly small, less than 0.1, indica
Page 248 and 249: Red, Green, Black, Drawn Line, Emot
Page 250 and 251: 1. Neither schizophrenics nor depre
Page 252 and 253: schizophrenia was indistinguishable
Page 254 and 255: Black: Black is the darkest colour
Page 256 and 257: the other groups since no confidenc
Page 258 and 259: Drawn line: The normal distribution
Page 260 and 261: proportions of empty space in the p
Page 262 and 263: 1. Depressives showed significantly
Page 264 and 265: function contributed significantly
Page 266 and 267: the discriminant analysis. It will
Page 268 and 269: Subordinate Analyses Interaction ef
Page 270 and 271: Table 15: showing correlations betw
Page 272 and 273: 2. Intensity showed a correlation o
Page 274 and 275: quality and reliability of their me
Page 276 and 277: as being unreliable, would be metho
Page 278 and 279: There would be a correlation betwee
Page 280 and 281: Figures 3. Map of Associations betw
Page 282 and 283: Schizophrenic pictures showed corre
Page 284 and 285: The DAPA results for depression are
Page 286 and 287: abusers 308 , but not the schizophr
Page 288 and 289: Control pictures showed the only as
Page 290 and 291: yellow Structural variables Figures
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directly, to answer this question.
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yellow and green, its removal would
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Schizophrenics used little colour e
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directly to the environment; assess
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influence on apparent negativity. W
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ather than for schizophrenia 335 .
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Supporting this point, the focus ar
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Several kinds of difficulties were
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portraiture, so it is difficult to
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1, as generally the scores for schi
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numbers resulted in differentiation
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at or above the usual level. Person
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size (_=0.36) which contrasts wildl
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sets had all the identified high ef
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hospital; the mean of up to 10 pain
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eliability of the test and shows th
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Chapter 7. Conclusion This thesis r
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probably because the form variables
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etween different groups of patients
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previously unexplored, which comple
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statistical tests and missing data
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psychopathology in clinical diagnos
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6 scales to categorise commonalitie
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Orientation of the researcher, what
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Validity Analysis of controlled stu
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_ 2 _ _ _ _ 2 _ .3_ 1 1 _ B _ 2 1 2
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6j. Standard differences from mean
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Correlation table 16 for DAPA varia
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eliefs to depression. cannot be mat
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Table 4: summarising changes or sig
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Table 6: summarising changes or sig
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13 22y. male Violence and substance
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Crosstabulations 1-6: contingency t
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Crosstabulation 3: ORIENTATION By B
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Crosstabulation 5: FORM OF EXPRESSI
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Reliability Study Chapter 4 - Metho
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Raters R1-7 score for ORANGE, pics
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-4_ _ R-A _________________________
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e _ _ -4_ _ R-A ___________________
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c _ _ e _ _ -4_ _ R-A _____________
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Appendix 3 Table of Authorities 1.
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connection from victim to victimize
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Hodnett, M.L. (1973), A broader vie
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Muller-Braunschweig, H. (1975), Psy
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Siegel, L. (1988), The use of mural
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Psycho-Analysis , V.6(2):183-200. 3
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10 Fagin, I. (1983), Images of grow
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Institute Creative Arts Therapy Rev
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psychotics, Perceptual and Motor Sk
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Appendix 4 Development of the Descr
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D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
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INTENSITY DEFINITION: Firstly, the
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SPACE >10% >25% >55% >80% >100% DEF
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Part 2 Rating Sheet for DAPA: Hacki
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Rating Sheet for Casenotes DAPA ver
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D.A.P.A. DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
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Intensity DEFINITION: The brightnes
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Form sheet for Artists. Side 2. DAP
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Appendix 5 Permission for study, in
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North Staffordshire Health Authorit
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Psychiatry Dept., School P.G. Medic
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Bibliography 418
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Psychiatry, 152(suppl.1): 33-57. Ca
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V.11: 139-143. Kaplan, F.F. (1996),
Page 424 and 425:
Reuven, S.K. (1998), Reversal of a
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Blackwell. Arrington, D. (1992), Ar
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MacGregor, J.D. (1989), The Discove
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Research (ICD-10 DCR), Geneva: Auth
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